U.S. bi-national and heritage community · eligible high reliability

U.S.–China community

A country-specific aggregate research profile. It does not identify dual citizens and should not be treated as a description of every person.

What this record observesForeign birth: true · reported ancestry: false · citizenship status available: true · confirmed dual citizenship: false.

Community at a glance

Observed country-of-birth population2,312,840Margin of error ± 19,188

Foreign-born estimate2,249,979Margin of error ± 18,548

Unweighted sample117,802Reliability: high

Citizenship compositionNaturalized Us Citizen 50.2% · Not Us Citizen 47.1%Status in the aggregate cohort, not loyalty or civic commitment

Ancestry-linked estimateNot availableCrosswalk remains under governance review

Leading statesCalifornia, New York, TexasPresence, not demographic resemblance

Leading metrosNot availableNo research PUMA-to-metro allocation

Source period2020–2024ACS 5-year PUMS

Where this community lives

State count and share view. Location quotient and state-relative fields are available in the underlying state-profile asset.

California/CA

712,627 · 30.8%

New York/NY

423,004 · 18.3%

Texas/TX

121,696 · 5.3%

Massachusetts/MA

105,270 · 4.6%

Washington/WA

97,094 · 4.2%

New Jersey/NJ

86,210 · 3.7%

Illinois/IL

75,443 · 3.3%

Pennsylvania/PA

74,896 · 3.2%

Florida/FL

57,697 · 2.5%

Maryland/MD

47,006 · 2.0%

Accessible state presence table
State	Estimate	Share of community	Location quotient	Reliability
California/CA	712,627	30.8%	2.626685	high
New York/NY	423,004	18.3%	3.085538	high
Texas/TX	121,696	5.3%	0.58376	high
Massachusetts/MA	105,270	4.6%	2.164116	high
Washington/WA	97,094	4.2%	1.798871	high
New Jersey/NJ	86,210	3.7%	1.33608	high
Illinois/IL	75,443	3.3%	0.860581	high
Pennsylvania/PA	74,896	3.2%	0.83309	high
Florida/FL	57,697	2.5%	0.372728	high
Maryland/MD	47,006	2.0%	1.09683	high

Metropolitan profiles are withheld in this run because PUMS does not identify metropolitan areas and no research PUMA-to-metro allocation was authorized.

Race, ethnicity, and ancestry

Race, Hispanic or Latino origin, ancestry, country of birth, citizenship, and language remain separate concepts. These are aggregate estimates.

Race distribution

Aian Alone0.0%

Estimate 316 ± 152; unweighted sample 31.

Asian Alone98.2%

Estimate 2,270,261 ± 18,696; unweighted sample 115546.

Black Alone0.1%

Estimate 2,218 ± 716; unweighted sample 88.

Nhpi AloneSuppressed

Unweighted sample 11; public estimate withheld.

Some Other Race Alone0.2%

Estimate 3,610 ± 701; unweighted sample 220.

Two Or More Races0.9%

Estimate 19,962 ± 1,595; unweighted sample 1050.

White Alone0.7%

Estimate 16,251 ± 1,763; unweighted sample 856.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: limited.

Hispanic or Latino origin

Hispanic Or Latino0.2%

Estimate 4,311 ± 741; unweighted sample 233.

Not Hispanic Or Latino99.8%

Estimate 2,308,529 ± 19,073; unweighted sample 117569.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Ancestry composition is not published because the available country crosswalk is pending research deterministic validation. Hispanic or Latino origin is not treated as race.

Age, households, and economic structure

Age

18 To 3427.1%

Estimate 626,803 ± 9,133; unweighted sample 30964.

35 To 4924.2%

Estimate 559,412 ± 8,353; unweighted sample 27277.

50 To 6423.5%

Estimate 544,088 ± 8,424; unweighted sample 28878.

65 And Over19.4%

Estimate 449,652 ± 6,095; unweighted sample 23981.

Under 185.7%

Estimate 132,885 ± 4,077; unweighted sample 6702.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Sex as reported by the source

Female55.2%

Estimate 1,276,880 ± 11,404; unweighted sample 66300.

Male44.8%

Estimate 1,035,960 ± 10,501; unweighted sample 51502.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Nativity and citizenship

Born Abroad Of Us Parent2.7%

Estimate 62,861 ± 2,958; unweighted sample 3239.

Naturalized Us Citizen50.2%

Estimate 1,160,023 ± 13,625; unweighted sample 61919.

Not Us Citizen47.1%

Estimate 1,089,956 ± 13,824; unweighted sample 52644.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Period of entry

2010 To 201933.6%

Estimate 777,294 ± 12,126; unweighted sample 37448.

2020 Or Later7.3%

Estimate 167,753 ± 4,405; unweighted sample 8755.

Before 201059.1%

Estimate 1,367,793 ± 16,024; unweighted sample 71599.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Age at migration

18 To 3447.1%

Estimate 1,088,749 ± 11,925; unweighted sample 55248.

35 To 4914.8%

Estimate 342,531 ± 7,112; unweighted sample 17516.

50 And Over8.3%

Estimate 191,575 ± 4,333; unweighted sample 9669.

Under 1829.8%

Estimate 689,985 ± 9,520; unweighted sample 35369.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Language and English proficiency

English Only11.7%

Estimate 270,291 ± 6,192; unweighted sample 14258.

Not At All11.3%

Estimate 260,374 ± 6,072; unweighted sample 12487.

Not Well20.5%

Estimate 472,940 ± 8,159; unweighted sample 23512.

Very Well31.6%

Estimate 728,601 ± 9,675; unweighted sample 37605.

Well24.8%

Estimate 571,376 ± 8,600; unweighted sample 29528.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household size

Five Or More People12.0%

Estimate 155,283 ± 3,334; unweighted sample 7846.

One Person17.8%

Estimate 230,421 ± 4,485; unweighted sample 9703.

Three Or Four People38.1%

Estimate 492,461 ± 6,837; unweighted sample 25466.

Two People32.0%

Estimate 412,994 ± 6,069; unweighted sample 20654.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household type

Family Household72.6%

Estimate 937,921 ± 10,652; unweighted sample 48614.

Nonfamily Household27.4%

Estimate 353,238 ± 5,453; unweighted sample 15055.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Multigenerational household

Multigenerational7.8%

Estimate 101,171 ± 2,816; unweighted sample 5220.

Not Multigenerational92.2%

Estimate 1,189,988 ± 10,883; unweighted sample 58449.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Households with children

Children Present31.3%

Estimate 404,262 ± 6,490; unweighted sample 20455.

No Children Present68.7%

Estimate 886,897 ± 7,954; unweighted sample 43214.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Education

Bachelors20.0%

Estimate 394,062 ± 6,263; unweighted sample 20080.

Graduate Or Professional32.2%

Estimate 635,394 ± 8,399; unweighted sample 32679.

High School Or Equivalent16.3%

Estimate 320,422 ± 5,759; unweighted sample 15525.

Less Than High School20.1%

Estimate 396,394 ± 7,461; unweighted sample 19556.

Some College Or Associate11.4%

Estimate 224,473 ± 4,976; unweighted sample 11488.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Employment

Armed Forces0.1%

Estimate 3,221 ± 596; unweighted sample 187.

Employed59.3%

Estimate 1,312,296 ± 13,497; unweighted sample 65522.

Not In Labor Force37.6%

Estimate 832,496 ± 9,364; unweighted sample 43873.

Unemployed2.9%

Estimate 63,160 ± 2,736; unweighted sample 3183.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Occupation

Management Business Science Arts54.5%

Estimate 878,316 ± 10,289; unweighted sample 44954.

Military Specific0.1%

Estimate 1,910 ± 507; unweighted sample 104.

Natural Resources Construction Maintenance2.5%

Estimate 40,107 ± 2,162; unweighted sample 1892.

Production Transportation Material Moving7.6%

Estimate 121,748 ± 3,381; unweighted sample 6047.

Sales And Office14.6%

Estimate 235,500 ± 5,012; unweighted sample 12112.

Service20.7%

Estimate 333,931 ± 6,168; unweighted sample 16490.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Industry

Agriculture Forestry Fishing Mining0.3%

Estimate 4,921 ± 796; unweighted sample 280.

Arts Entertainment Hospitality15.6%

Estimate 247,094 ± 5,757; unweighted sample 11841.

Construction2.5%

Estimate 38,964 ± 2,454; unweighted sample 1811.

Education Health Social Services23.7%

Estimate 375,074 ± 7,223; unweighted sample 19552.

Finance Insurance Real Estate7.7%

Estimate 121,385 ± 3,840; unweighted sample 6137.

Information2.6%

Estimate 41,007 ± 2,217; unweighted sample 2126.

Manufacturing10.0%

Estimate 157,999 ± 3,554; unweighted sample 8199.

Military0.2%

Estimate 3,751 ± 653; unweighted sample 214.

Other Services4.5%

Estimate 71,409 ± 2,655; unweighted sample 3611.

Professional Administrative16.0%

Estimate 253,871 ± 5,253; unweighted sample 12755.

Public Administration2.5%

Estimate 40,086 ± 1,900; unweighted sample 2162.

Retail Trade7.8%

Estimate 123,932 ± 3,794; unweighted sample 6180.

Transportation Utilities4.1%

Estimate 65,787 ± 2,703; unweighted sample 3304.

Wholesale Trade2.5%

Estimate 40,044 ± 1,753; unweighted sample 2112.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Personal income

100000 Or More21.5%

Estimate 478,272 ± 7,865; unweighted sample 24791.

1 To 2499929.4%

Estimate 653,326 ± 8,117; unweighted sample 34669.

25000 To 4999915.5%

Estimate 344,147 ± 6,268; unweighted sample 16634.

50000 To 9999916.0%

Estimate 356,785 ± 6,729; unweighted sample 17439.

Zero Or Negative17.6%

Estimate 391,857 ± 6,904; unweighted sample 19952.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Poverty

100 To 199 Percent15.3%

Estimate 343,588 ± 7,471; unweighted sample 16046.

200 To 399 Percent21.6%

Estimate 487,431 ± 9,054; unweighted sample 24144.

400 Percent Or More47.8%

Estimate 1,076,569 ± 13,579; unweighted sample 56475.

Below 100 Percent15.3%

Estimate 344,864 ± 7,900; unweighted sample 15520.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Health insurance

Covered93.7%

Estimate 2,167,655 ± 19,267; unweighted sample 111083.

Not Covered6.3%

Estimate 145,185 ± 4,501; unweighted sample 6719.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Disability

With Disability9.0%

Estimate 207,843 ± 4,771; unweighted sample 10999.

Without Disability91.0%

Estimate 2,104,997 ± 18,723; unweighted sample 106803.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing tenure

Occupied Without Cash Rent1.7%

Estimate 22,035 ± 1,324; unweighted sample 1039.

Owned Free And Clear27.5%

Estimate 355,308 ± 5,808; unweighted sample 19586.

Owned With Mortgage37.8%

Estimate 488,166 ± 7,050; unweighted sample 25419.

Rented33.0%

Estimate 425,650 ± 6,718; unweighted sample 17625.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing-cost burden

30 To 49 Percent22.8%

Estimate 89,939 ± 2,676; unweighted sample 3747.

50 Percent Or More28.8%

Estimate 113,713 ± 3,980; unweighted sample 4732.

Under 30 Percent48.4%

Estimate 190,913 ± 4,605; unweighted sample 7980.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential tenure length

Established Residence32.0%

Estimate 412,992 ± 6,535; unweighted sample 22494.

Mid Term Residence40.9%

Estimate 528,189 ± 8,647; unweighted sample 25652.

Recent Move27.1%

Estimate 349,978 ± 5,876; unweighted sample 15523.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential mobility

Arrived From Outside Us3.6%

Estimate 82,163 ± 2,987; unweighted sample 4436.

Different House In Us12.7%

Estimate 293,848 ± 6,955; unweighted sample 14166.

Same House83.7%

Estimate 1,935,596 ± 17,934; unweighted sample 99141.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

How this community differs across states

Highest community presence

California/CA — 712,627
New York/NY — 423,004
Texas/TX — 121,696
Massachusetts/MA — 105,270
Washington/WA — 97,094
New Jersey/NJ — 86,210
Illinois/IL — 75,443
Pennsylvania/PA — 74,896
Florida/FL — 57,697
Maryland/MD — 47,006

Highest location quotient

New York/NY — 3.09
California/CA — 2.63
Hawaii/HI — 2.25
Massachusetts/MA — 2.16
Washington/WA — 1.80
New Jersey/NJ — 1.34
Maryland/MD — 1.10
Nevada/NV — 1.02
Connecticut/CT — 1.01
Illinois/IL — 0.86

Closest surrounding demographic contexts

Vermont/VT — 93.7%
Montana/MT — 92.5%
North Dakota/ND — 91.8%
New York/NY — 87.9%
New Jersey/NJ — 87.1%
California/CA — 86.9%
Maryland/MD — 86.9%
Maine/ME — 86.9%
Illinois/IL — 86.8%
Pennsylvania/PA — 86.8%

Highest presence and closest surrounding context answer different questions and are never substituted for one another.

How this community compares with the United States

State-context comparisons use the same source period and composition schema. National community averages should not be treated as characteristics of any person.

The U.S.–China community contains materially different racial, ethnic, generational, linguistic, geographic, household, and socioeconomic profiles. National averages should not be treated as characteristics of every person.

Closest demographic peers

Peer rankings use population and settlement, migration, race and ethnicity, age and household, education and economic structure, language, and housing as separately disclosed dimensions.

Closest demographic peer 1

U.S.–Ukraine community

91.6% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 91.6% · without: 89.6% · rank change: 0.

Strongest similarities: Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable), Age and household, Housing and mobility

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Language, Education, work, and income

View dimension scores

Age and household: 97.0%
Education, work, and income: 91.9%
Housing and mobility: 95.9%
Language: 89.0%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 93.5%
Population and settlement: 80.5%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 99.8%
Population scale: 76.8%
Settlement concentration: 92.3%
State footprint: 72.3%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 2

U.S.–Vietnam community

90.9% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 90.9% · without: 89.0% · rank change: 1.

Strongest similarities: Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable), Age and household, Housing and mobility

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Migration, nativity, and generation, Education, work, and income

View dimension scores

Age and household: 94.8%
Education, work, and income: 89.7%
Housing and mobility: 92.0%
Language: 90.4%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 87.1%
Population and settlement: 86.0%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 98.2%
Population scale: 92.9%
Settlement concentration: 97.3%
State footprint: 67.9%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 3

U.S.–Russia community

90.7% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 90.7% · without: 89.0% · rank change: 1.

Strongest similarities: Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable), Age and household, Housing and mobility

Largest differences: Language, Population and settlement, Migration, nativity, and generation

View dimension scores

Age and household: 97.1%
Education, work, and income: 93.3%
Housing and mobility: 96.7%
Language: 76.0%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 89.9%
Population and settlement: 82.0%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 97.8%
Population scale: 76.3%
Settlement concentration: 90.3%
State footprint: 79.5%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Largest measured differences

The comparison asset reports the lowest demographic structural similarities without describing communities as enemies, opposites, incompatible groups, or unlikely allies.

U.S.–Paraguay community — 64.9% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Honduras community — 65.5% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Cuba community — 66.9% measured structural similarity

Explore peers in Ally Finder

Data quality

Profile state: eligible_high_reliability
Reliable dimensions: 23
Observed basis: Country of birth in the 2020–2024 ACS 5-year PUMS

Suppressed cells remain labeled. Missing values and shared zeroes do not create similarity.

What should not be inferred

Aggregate demographic similarity does not establish agreement, alliance, representation, consent, endorsement, political behavior, nationality, dual citizenship, religion, caste, tribe, sect, or individual identity.

How the comparison was calculated

Dimension-specific categorical distributions use square-root Jensen–Shannon distance; ordered distributions use bounded Wasserstein distance; population totals use log-scaled distance; and state footprints use Jensen–Shannon distance. Available reliable dimensions are combined with versioned weights. KNN is a retrieval method, not a public claim about alliance.

Weights · Sources · Data quality