U.S. bi-national and heritage community · eligible high reliability

U.S.–Poland community

A country-specific aggregate research profile. It does not identify dual citizens and should not be treated as a description of every person.

What this record observesForeign birth: true · reported ancestry: false · citizenship status available: true · confirmed dual citizenship: false.

Community at a glance

Observed country-of-birth population410,596Margin of error ± 7,815

Foreign-born estimate394,342Margin of error ± 8,005

Unweighted sample19,242Reliability: high

Citizenship compositionNaturalized Us Citizen 72.5% · Not Us Citizen 23.5%Status in the aggregate cohort, not loyalty or civic commitment

Ancestry-linked estimateNot availableCrosswalk remains under governance review

Leading statesIllinois, New York, New JerseyPresence, not demographic resemblance

Leading metrosNot availableNo research PUMA-to-metro allocation

Source period2020–2024ACS 5-year PUMS

Where this community lives

State count and share view. Location quotient and state-relative fields are available in the underlying state-profile asset.

Illinois/IL

120,395 · 29.3%

New York/NY

62,955 · 15.3%

New Jersey/NJ

47,560 · 11.6%

Florida/FL

27,190 · 6.6%

Connecticut/CT

22,571 · 5.5%

California/CA

21,379 · 5.2%

Pennsylvania/PA

13,196 · 3.2%

Michigan/MI

11,903 · 2.9%

Massachusetts/MA

10,886 · 2.7%

Texas/TX

9,623 · 2.3%

Accessible state presence table
State	Estimate	Share of community	Location quotient	Reliability
Illinois/IL	120,395	29.3%	7.735925	high
New York/NY	62,955	15.3%	2.586709	high
New Jersey/NJ	47,560	11.6%	4.151906	high
Florida/FL	27,190	6.6%	0.989417	high
Connecticut/CT	22,571	5.5%	5.079621	high
California/CA	21,379	5.2%	0.443878	high
Pennsylvania/PA	13,196	3.2%	0.826811	high
Michigan/MI	11,903	2.9%	0.963434	high
Massachusetts/MA	10,886	2.7%	1.260594	high
Texas/TX	9,623	2.3%	0.260016	moderate

Metropolitan profiles are withheld in this run because PUMS does not identify metropolitan areas and no research PUMA-to-metro allocation was authorized.

Race, ethnicity, and ancestry

Race, Hispanic or Latino origin, ancestry, country of birth, citizenship, and language remain separate concepts. These are aggregate estimates.

Race distribution

Aian AloneSuppressed

Unweighted sample 5; public estimate withheld.

Asian AloneSuppressed

Unweighted sample 16; public estimate withheld.

Black AloneSuppressed

Unweighted sample 5; public estimate withheld.

Nhpi AloneSuppressed

Unweighted sample 4; public estimate withheld.

Some Other Race Alone0.3%

Estimate 1,199 ± 397; unweighted sample 61.

Two Or More Races0.6%

Estimate 2,501 ± 453; unweighted sample 136.

White Alone98.9%

Estimate 406,260 ± 7,850; unweighted sample 19015.

Other Or Suppressed0.2%

Estimate 636 ± Not enough reliable data; unweighted sample 30.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Hispanic or Latino origin

Hispanic Or Latino0.2%

Estimate 863 ± 289; unweighted sample 49.

Not Hispanic Or Latino99.8%

Estimate 409,733 ± 7,823; unweighted sample 19193.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Ancestry composition is not published because the available country crosswalk is pending research deterministic validation. Hispanic or Latino origin is not treated as race.

Age, households, and economic structure

Age

18 To 3411.0%

Estimate 45,171 ± 2,540; unweighted sample 1942.

35 To 4930.8%

Estimate 126,271 ± 4,038; unweighted sample 5465.

50 To 6428.2%

Estimate 115,953 ± 3,810; unweighted sample 5260.

65 And Over28.1%

Estimate 115,187 ± 3,817; unweighted sample 6248.

Under 182.0%

Estimate 8,014 ± 1,100; unweighted sample 327.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Sex as reported by the source

Female56.1%

Estimate 230,470 ± 5,175; unweighted sample 10800.

Male43.9%

Estimate 180,126 ± 4,041; unweighted sample 8442.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Nativity and citizenship

Born Abroad Of Us Parent4.0%

Estimate 16,254 ± 1,302; unweighted sample 766.

Naturalized Us Citizen72.5%

Estimate 297,739 ± 6,361; unweighted sample 14378.

Not Us Citizen23.5%

Estimate 96,603 ± 3,360; unweighted sample 4098.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Period of entry

2010 To 201910.7%

Estimate 44,103 ± 2,730; unweighted sample 1870.

2020 Or Later2.2%

Estimate 8,984 ± 1,173; unweighted sample 454.

Before 201087.1%

Estimate 357,509 ± 7,233; unweighted sample 16918.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Age at migration

18 To 3448.7%

Estimate 200,034 ± 5,227; unweighted sample 9433.

35 To 4912.8%

Estimate 52,756 ± 2,672; unweighted sample 2520.

50 And Over2.6%

Estimate 10,761 ± 1,288; unweighted sample 507.

Under 1835.8%

Estimate 147,045 ± 4,467; unweighted sample 6782.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Language and English proficiency

English Only17.4%

Estimate 71,402 ± 2,791; unweighted sample 3484.

Not At All2.2%

Estimate 9,081 ± 1,094; unweighted sample 352.

Not Well12.9%

Estimate 53,016 ± 2,467; unweighted sample 2346.

Very Well42.6%

Estimate 174,617 ± 4,615; unweighted sample 8099.

Well24.8%

Estimate 101,509 ± 3,982; unweighted sample 4917.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household size

Five Or More People7.8%

Estimate 21,784 ± 1,699; unweighted sample 977.

One Person20.8%

Estimate 58,067 ± 2,120; unweighted sample 2567.

Three Or Four People34.9%

Estimate 97,616 ± 2,828; unweighted sample 4402.

Two People36.5%

Estimate 102,222 ± 3,331; unweighted sample 4993.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household type

Family Household73.4%

Estimate 205,431 ± 4,218; unweighted sample 9666.

Nonfamily Household26.6%

Estimate 74,258 ± 2,509; unweighted sample 3273.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Multigenerational household

Multigenerational3.8%

Estimate 10,699 ± 1,005; unweighted sample 483.

Not Multigenerational96.2%

Estimate 268,990 ± 4,852; unweighted sample 12456.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Households with children

Children Present28.2%

Estimate 78,733 ± 2,779; unweighted sample 3424.

No Children Present71.8%

Estimate 200,956 ± 4,438; unweighted sample 9515.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Education

Bachelors19.1%

Estimate 74,780 ± 2,643; unweighted sample 3319.

Graduate Or Professional20.1%

Estimate 78,716 ± 3,157; unweighted sample 4133.

High School Or Equivalent27.7%

Estimate 108,816 ± 4,578; unweighted sample 4874.

Less Than High School9.2%

Estimate 36,119 ± 2,135; unweighted sample 1726.

Some College Or Associate24.0%

Estimate 94,016 ± 3,766; unweighted sample 4420.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Employment

Armed Forces0.1%

Estimate 358 ± 169; unweighted sample 20.

Employed61.9%

Estimate 250,310 ± 5,811; unweighted sample 11119.

Not In Labor Force35.5%

Estimate 143,628 ± 4,511; unweighted sample 7397.

Unemployed2.5%

Estimate 9,955 ± 1,202; unweighted sample 448.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Occupation

Management Business Science Arts41.0%

Estimate 124,105 ± 3,552; unweighted sample 6046.

Military SpecificSuppressed

Unweighted sample 9; public estimate withheld.

Natural Resources Construction Maintenance12.3%

Estimate 37,330 ± 2,025; unweighted sample 1557.

Production Transportation Material Moving13.7%

Estimate 41,381 ± 1,776; unweighted sample 1822.

Sales And Office15.8%

Estimate 47,951 ± 2,321; unweighted sample 2169.

Service17.2%

Estimate 52,138 ± 2,648; unweighted sample 2179.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: limited.

Industry

Agriculture Forestry Fishing Mining0.2%

Estimate 720 ± 217; unweighted sample 42.

Arts Entertainment Hospitality4.1%

Estimate 12,276 ± 1,129; unweighted sample 593.

Construction12.2%

Estimate 36,509 ± 2,005; unweighted sample 1522.

Education Health Social Services21.3%

Estimate 63,739 ± 2,625; unweighted sample 2989.

Finance Insurance Real Estate7.2%

Estimate 21,680 ± 1,293; unweighted sample 1004.

Information1.3%

Estimate 4,044 ± 520; unweighted sample 212.

Manufacturing13.0%

Estimate 39,126 ± 1,807; unweighted sample 1821.

Military0.1%

Estimate 437 ± 187; unweighted sample 23.

Other Services6.3%

Estimate 18,856 ± 1,570; unweighted sample 915.

Professional Administrative15.7%

Estimate 46,998 ± 2,273; unweighted sample 2057.

Public Administration2.8%

Estimate 8,526 ± 812; unweighted sample 439.

Retail Trade7.8%

Estimate 23,259 ± 1,476; unweighted sample 986.

Transportation Utilities5.9%

Estimate 17,826 ± 1,460; unweighted sample 770.

Wholesale Trade2.0%

Estimate 5,875 ± 871; unweighted sample 263.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Personal income

100000 Or More18.4%

Estimate 74,381 ± 2,682; unweighted sample 3556.

1 To 2499924.6%

Estimate 99,676 ± 3,669; unweighted sample 4780.

25000 To 4999921.0%

Estimate 84,878 ± 3,053; unweighted sample 3984.

50000 To 9999925.7%

Estimate 104,053 ± 3,802; unweighted sample 4703.

Zero Or Negative10.4%

Estimate 42,052 ± 2,092; unweighted sample 1982.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Poverty

100 To 199 Percent12.7%

Estimate 51,604 ± 3,482; unweighted sample 2293.

200 To 399 Percent28.1%

Estimate 114,408 ± 3,999; unweighted sample 5148.

400 Percent Or More50.9%

Estimate 207,477 ± 5,450; unweighted sample 9909.

Below 100 Percent8.3%

Estimate 33,843 ± 2,360; unweighted sample 1562.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Health insurance

Covered91.0%

Estimate 373,605 ± 7,771; unweighted sample 17837.

Not Covered9.0%

Estimate 36,991 ± 2,682; unweighted sample 1405.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Disability

With Disability11.7%

Estimate 48,178 ± 2,179; unweighted sample 2470.

Without Disability88.3%

Estimate 362,418 ± 7,247; unweighted sample 16772.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing tenure

Occupied Without Cash Rent1.9%

Estimate 5,389 ± 774; unweighted sample 228.

Owned Free And Clear32.1%

Estimate 89,864 ± 2,590; unweighted sample 4677.

Owned With Mortgage43.3%

Estimate 121,013 ± 3,403; unweighted sample 5575.

Rented22.7%

Estimate 63,423 ± 2,417; unweighted sample 2459.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing-cost burden

30 To 49 Percent21.2%

Estimate 13,201 ± 1,041; unweighted sample 502.

50 Percent Or More23.0%

Estimate 14,299 ± 1,020; unweighted sample 591.

Under 30 Percent55.8%

Estimate 34,648 ± 1,843; unweighted sample 1317.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential tenure length

Established Residence49.3%

Estimate 137,945 ± 3,322; unweighted sample 6738.

Mid Term Residence36.4%

Estimate 101,739 ± 3,220; unweighted sample 4467.

Recent Move14.3%

Estimate 40,005 ± 1,955; unweighted sample 1734.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential mobility

Arrived From Outside Us1.2%

Estimate 5,082 ± 1,133; unweighted sample 234.

Different House In Us7.0%

Estimate 28,875 ± 2,253; unweighted sample 1307.

Same House91.7%

Estimate 376,515 ± 7,426; unweighted sample 17695.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

How this community differs across states

Highest community presence

Illinois/IL — 120,395
New York/NY — 62,955
New Jersey/NJ — 47,560
Florida/FL — 27,190
Connecticut/CT — 22,571
California/CA — 21,379
Pennsylvania/PA — 13,196
Michigan/MI — 11,903
Massachusetts/MA — 10,886
Texas/TX — 9,623

Highest location quotient

Illinois/IL — 7.74
Connecticut/CT — 5.08
New Jersey/NJ — 4.15
New York/NY — 2.59
Massachusetts/MA — 1.26
Florida/FL — 0.99
Michigan/MI — 0.96
Rhode Island/RI — 0.93
Pennsylvania/PA — 0.83
Nevada/NV — 0.80

Closest surrounding demographic contexts

Vermont/VT — 93.9%
Montana/MT — 90.9%
North Dakota/ND — 90.2%
New Hampshire/NH — 87.8%
Rhode Island/RI — 87.1%
Maine/ME — 86.8%
Minnesota/MN — 85.7%
Wisconsin/WI — 85.3%
Massachusetts/MA — 85.2%
Iowa/IA — 85.2%

Highest presence and closest surrounding context answer different questions and are never substituted for one another.

How this community compares with the United States

State-context comparisons use the same source period and composition schema. National community averages should not be treated as characteristics of any person.

The U.S.–Poland community contains materially different racial, ethnic, generational, linguistic, geographic, household, and socioeconomic profiles. National averages should not be treated as characteristics of every person.

Closest demographic peers

Peer rankings use population and settlement, migration, race and ethnicity, age and household, education and economic structure, language, and housing as separately disclosed dimensions.

Closest demographic peer 1

U.S.–Ireland community

90.8% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 90.8% · without: 90.0% · rank change: 0.

Strongest similarities: Housing and mobility, Age and household, Education, work, and income

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Migration, nativity, and generation, Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable)

View dimension scores

Age and household: 96.3%
Education, work, and income: 95.0%
Housing and mobility: 97.7%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 93.5%
Population and settlement: 79.3%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 93.6%
Population scale: 83.6%
Settlement concentration: 90.8%
State footprint: 63.5%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 2

U.S.–Romania community

90.6% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 90.6% · without: 89.7% · rank change: 0.

Strongest similarities: Age and household, Education, work, and income, Migration, nativity, and generation

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Language, Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable)

View dimension scores

Age and household: 97.5%
Education, work, and income: 96.8%
Housing and mobility: 94.8%
Language: 84.8%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 96.4%
Population and settlement: 77.4%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 93.9%
Population scale: 87.2%
Settlement concentration: 83.6%
State footprint: 61.3%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 3

U.S.–Ukraine community

90.5% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 90.5% · without: 88.6% · rank change: 2.

Strongest similarities: Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable), Age and household, Education, work, and income

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Housing and mobility, Migration, nativity, and generation

View dimension scores

Age and household: 94.5%
Education, work, and income: 94.1%
Housing and mobility: 87.9%
Language: 90.1%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 88.9%
Population and settlement: 82.8%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 98.2%
Population scale: 98.2%
Settlement concentration: 89.0%
State footprint: 61.1%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Largest measured differences

The comparison asset reports the lowest demographic structural similarities without describing communities as enemies, opposites, incompatible groups, or unlikely allies.

U.S.–Rwanda community — 53.7% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Marshall Islands community — 57.7% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Tonga community — 57.7% measured structural similarity

Explore peers in Ally Finder

Data quality

Profile state: eligible_high_reliability
Reliable dimensions: 23
Observed basis: Country of birth in the 2020–2024 ACS 5-year PUMS

Suppressed cells remain labeled. Missing values and shared zeroes do not create similarity.

What should not be inferred

Aggregate demographic similarity does not establish agreement, alliance, representation, consent, endorsement, political behavior, nationality, dual citizenship, religion, caste, tribe, sect, or individual identity.

How the comparison was calculated

Dimension-specific categorical distributions use square-root Jensen–Shannon distance; ordered distributions use bounded Wasserstein distance; population totals use log-scaled distance; and state footprints use Jensen–Shannon distance. Available reliable dimensions are combined with versioned weights. KNN is a retrieval method, not a public claim about alliance.

Weights · Sources · Data quality