U.S. bi-national and heritage community · eligible high reliability

U.S.–India community

A country-specific aggregate research profile. It does not identify dual citizens and should not be treated as a description of every person.

What this record observesForeign birth: true · reported ancestry: false · citizenship status available: true · confirmed dual citizenship: false.

Community at a glance

Observed country-of-birth population2,935,090Margin of error ± 24,401

Foreign-born estimate2,892,285Margin of error ± 24,056

Unweighted sample130,268Reliability: high

Citizenship compositionNot Us Citizen 51.9% · Naturalized Us Citizen 46.7%Status in the aggregate cohort, not loyalty or civic commitment

Ancestry-linked estimateNot availableCrosswalk remains under governance review

Leading statesCalifornia, Texas, New JerseyPresence, not demographic resemblance

Leading metrosNot availableNo research PUMA-to-metro allocation

Source period2020–2024ACS 5-year PUMS

Where this community lives

State count and share view. Location quotient and state-relative fields are available in the underlying state-profile asset.

California/CA

586,876 · 20.0%

Texas/TX

358,032 · 12.2%

New Jersey/NJ

282,213 · 9.6%

Illinois/IL

168,467 · 5.7%

New York/NY

155,292 · 5.3%

Washington/WA

117,245 · 4.0%

Georgia/GA

114,216 · 3.9%

Florida/FL

108,424 · 3.7%

Pennsylvania/PA

103,662 · 3.5%

Virginia/VA

100,010 · 3.4%

Accessible state presence table
State	Estimate	Share of community	Location quotient	Reliability
California/CA	586,876	20.0%	1.704575	high
Texas/TX	358,032	12.2%	1.353332	high
New Jersey/NJ	282,213	9.6%	3.446482	high
Illinois/IL	168,467	5.7%	1.5143	high
New York/NY	155,292	5.3%	0.892606	high
Washington/WA	117,245	4.0%	1.711694	high
Georgia/GA	114,216	3.9%	1.191287	high
Florida/FL	108,424	3.7%	0.551936	high
Pennsylvania/PA	103,662	3.5%	0.908609	high
Virginia/VA	100,010	3.4%	1.310959	high

Metropolitan profiles are withheld in this run because PUMS does not identify metropolitan areas and no research PUMA-to-metro allocation was authorized.

Race, ethnicity, and ancestry

Race, Hispanic or Latino origin, ancestry, country of birth, citizenship, and language remain separate concepts. These are aggregate estimates.

Race distribution

Aian Alone0.1%

Estimate 3,147 ± 634; unweighted sample 200.

Asian Alone97.0%

Estimate 2,847,074 ± 23,158; unweighted sample 126600.

Black Alone0.1%

Estimate 1,498 ± 535; unweighted sample 69.

Nhpi Alone0.0%

Estimate 541 ± 236; unweighted sample 21.

Some Other Race Alone1.0%

Estimate 29,971 ± 2,579; unweighted sample 1031.

Two Or More Races1.2%

Estimate 35,004 ± 2,624; unweighted sample 1518.

White Alone0.6%

Estimate 17,855 ± 1,906; unweighted sample 829.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Hispanic or Latino origin

Hispanic Or Latino0.2%

Estimate 5,426 ± 1,050; unweighted sample 234.

Not Hispanic Or Latino99.8%

Estimate 2,929,664 ± 24,320; unweighted sample 130034.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Ancestry composition is not published because the available country crosswalk is pending research deterministic validation. Hispanic or Latino origin is not treated as race.

Age, households, and economic structure

Age

18 To 3425.2%

Estimate 741,024 ± 12,564; unweighted sample 29067.

35 To 4937.7%

Estimate 1,107,256 ± 11,957; unweighted sample 47704.

50 To 6417.3%

Estimate 508,020 ± 7,160; unweighted sample 25871.

65 And Over12.8%

Estimate 376,613 ± 6,315; unweighted sample 19123.

Under 186.9%

Estimate 202,177 ± 5,044; unweighted sample 8503.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Sex as reported by the source

Female47.4%

Estimate 1,390,669 ± 12,982; unweighted sample 63287.

Male52.6%

Estimate 1,544,421 ± 13,861; unweighted sample 66981.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Nativity and citizenship

Born Abroad Of Us Parent1.5%

Estimate 42,805 ± 2,382; unweighted sample 2028.

Naturalized Us Citizen46.7%

Estimate 1,369,311 ± 15,241; unweighted sample 66857.

Not Us Citizen51.9%

Estimate 1,522,974 ± 21,406; unweighted sample 61383.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Period of entry

2010 To 201936.0%

Estimate 1,057,635 ± 15,122; unweighted sample 42667.

2020 Or Later11.2%

Estimate 329,120 ± 10,193; unweighted sample 13558.

Before 201052.8%

Estimate 1,548,335 ± 14,898; unweighted sample 74043.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Age at migration

18 To 3462.2%

Estimate 1,826,923 ± 15,856; unweighted sample 80401.

35 To 4910.6%

Estimate 311,209 ± 5,915; unweighted sample 14478.

50 And Over4.7%

Estimate 137,081 ± 4,405; unweighted sample 6270.

Under 1822.5%

Estimate 659,877 ± 11,315; unweighted sample 29119.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Language and English proficiency

English Only12.3%

Estimate 357,656 ± 6,203; unweighted sample 16338.

Not At All1.6%

Estimate 47,311 ± 2,894; unweighted sample 1914.

Not Well4.7%

Estimate 137,645 ± 4,536; unweighted sample 6237.

Very Well67.0%

Estimate 1,948,620 ± 17,416; unweighted sample 86410.

Well14.3%

Estimate 416,891 ± 8,311; unweighted sample 18363.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household size

Five Or More People10.7%

Estimate 158,450 ± 3,475; unweighted sample 7111.

One Person12.4%

Estimate 183,078 ± 4,482; unweighted sample 6779.

Three Or Four People50.4%

Estimate 745,195 ± 7,381; unweighted sample 32786.

Two People26.6%

Estimate 393,289 ± 6,439; unweighted sample 17523.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household type

Family Household80.9%

Estimate 1,197,692 ± 8,303; unweighted sample 53663.

Nonfamily Household19.1%

Estimate 282,320 ± 6,288; unweighted sample 10536.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Multigenerational household

Multigenerational7.4%

Estimate 109,879 ± 2,650; unweighted sample 5049.

Not Multigenerational92.6%

Estimate 1,370,133 ± 10,108; unweighted sample 59150.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Households with children

Children Present45.5%

Estimate 672,813 ± 7,169; unweighted sample 28923.

No Children Present54.5%

Estimate 807,199 ± 9,320; unweighted sample 35276.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Education

Bachelors31.7%

Estimate 822,398 ± 9,659; unweighted sample 36319.

Graduate Or Professional48.8%

Estimate 1,268,182 ± 12,362; unweighted sample 56595.

High School Or Equivalent6.1%

Estimate 158,392 ± 4,749; unweighted sample 6823.

Less Than High School6.4%

Estimate 165,174 ± 4,918; unweighted sample 7308.

Some College Or Associate7.0%

Estimate 182,463 ± 4,242; unweighted sample 8275.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Employment

Armed Forces0.1%

Estimate 1,661 ± 379; unweighted sample 93.

Employed70.8%

Estimate 1,951,078 ± 16,221; unweighted sample 85367.

Not In Labor Force26.6%

Estimate 734,082 ± 11,046; unweighted sample 34266.

Unemployed2.5%

Estimate 69,558 ± 2,780; unweighted sample 3140.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Occupation

Management Business Science Arts76.1%

Estimate 1,677,102 ± 12,151; unweighted sample 74044.

Military Specific0.0%

Estimate 1,096 ± 300; unweighted sample 58.

Natural Resources Construction Maintenance1.0%

Estimate 23,052 ± 1,676; unweighted sample 990.

Production Transportation Material Moving6.0%

Estimate 131,888 ± 4,347; unweighted sample 5625.

Sales And Office11.0%

Estimate 243,365 ± 6,050; unweighted sample 11141.

Service5.7%

Estimate 125,911 ± 4,186; unweighted sample 5746.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Industry

Agriculture Forestry Fishing Mining0.2%

Estimate 4,922 ± 929; unweighted sample 192.

Arts Entertainment Hospitality4.3%

Estimate 92,282 ± 3,794; unweighted sample 4160.

Construction1.2%

Estimate 26,604 ± 1,832; unweighted sample 1137.

Education Health Social Services20.3%

Estimate 440,810 ± 7,353; unweighted sample 21031.

Finance Insurance Real Estate10.4%

Estimate 225,181 ± 4,727; unweighted sample 9796.

Information3.3%

Estimate 72,556 ± 2,546; unweighted sample 3267.

Manufacturing11.2%

Estimate 243,299 ± 4,854; unweighted sample 10720.

Military0.1%

Estimate 1,828 ± 378; unweighted sample 101.

Other Services2.1%

Estimate 44,469 ± 2,286; unweighted sample 2136.

Professional Administrative30.3%

Estimate 656,427 ± 7,899; unweighted sample 27972.

Public Administration2.2%

Estimate 46,801 ± 2,061; unweighted sample 2278.

Retail Trade9.1%

Estimate 197,827 ± 5,767; unweighted sample 8443.

Transportation Utilities3.8%

Estimate 82,965 ± 3,126; unweighted sample 3439.

Wholesale Trade1.5%

Estimate 32,827 ± 1,944; unweighted sample 1457.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Personal income

100000 Or More40.2%

Estimate 1,114,069 ± 9,711; unweighted sample 49636.

1 To 2499915.9%

Estimate 440,627 ± 8,723; unweighted sample 21053.

25000 To 4999910.4%

Estimate 286,879 ± 6,035; unweighted sample 13219.

50000 To 9999917.2%

Estimate 476,918 ± 7,707; unweighted sample 20195.

Zero Or Negative16.3%

Estimate 450,225 ± 9,078; unweighted sample 19363.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Poverty

100 To 199 Percent5.8%

Estimate 167,346 ± 7,676; unweighted sample 6835.

200 To 399 Percent17.2%

Estimate 499,796 ± 11,636; unweighted sample 20823.

400 Percent Or More71.5%

Estimate 2,078,870 ± 13,960; unweighted sample 93631.

Below 100 Percent5.5%

Estimate 160,967 ± 6,826; unweighted sample 6431.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Health insurance

Covered95.6%

Estimate 2,806,576 ± 22,318; unweighted sample 125344.

Not Covered4.4%

Estimate 128,514 ± 5,494; unweighted sample 4924.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Disability

With Disability6.4%

Estimate 187,252 ± 4,752; unweighted sample 8952.

Without Disability93.6%

Estimate 2,747,838 ± 22,531; unweighted sample 121316.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing tenure

Occupied Without Cash Rent0.9%

Estimate 12,977 ± 1,265; unweighted sample 571.

Owned Free And Clear17.3%

Estimate 256,437 ± 4,030; unweighted sample 13356.

Owned With Mortgage45.7%

Estimate 676,375 ± 7,387; unweighted sample 30963.

Rented36.1%

Estimate 534,223 ± 8,696; unweighted sample 19309.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing-cost burden

30 To 49 Percent13.2%

Estimate 69,029 ± 2,905; unweighted sample 2583.

50 Percent Or More12.8%

Estimate 66,785 ± 2,960; unweighted sample 2474.

Under 30 Percent74.0%

Estimate 387,278 ± 6,716; unweighted sample 13900.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential tenure length

Established Residence23.3%

Estimate 344,800 ± 5,340; unweighted sample 17806.

Mid Term Residence43.4%

Estimate 642,273 ± 6,101; unweighted sample 27468.

Recent Move33.3%

Estimate 492,939 ± 7,605; unweighted sample 18925.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential mobility

Arrived From Outside Us4.2%

Estimate 123,026 ± 5,223; unweighted sample 5249.

Different House In Us14.6%

Estimate 427,632 ± 9,591; unweighted sample 17338.

Same House81.2%

Estimate 2,382,860 ± 21,136; unweighted sample 107613.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

How this community differs across states

Highest community presence

California/CA — 586,876
Texas/TX — 358,032
New Jersey/NJ — 282,213
Illinois/IL — 168,467
New York/NY — 155,292
Washington/WA — 117,245
Georgia/GA — 114,216
Florida/FL — 108,424
Pennsylvania/PA — 103,662
Virginia/VA — 100,010

Highest location quotient

New Jersey/NJ — 3.45
Washington/WA — 1.71
California/CA — 1.70
Illinois/IL — 1.51
Massachusetts/MA — 1.41
Texas/TX — 1.35
Virginia/VA — 1.31
Delaware/DE — 1.27
Connecticut/CT — 1.26
Georgia/GA — 1.19

Closest surrounding demographic contexts

Vermont/VT — 89.5%
District of Columbia/DC — 86.1%
New Hampshire/NH — 84.0%
Rhode Island/RI — 82.4%
North Dakota/ND — 80.3%
Hawaii/HI — 79.0%
Montana/MT — 78.8%
Massachusetts/MA — 78.1%
New Jersey/NJ — 77.7%
Maryland/MD — 77.7%

Highest presence and closest surrounding context answer different questions and are never substituted for one another.

How this community compares with the United States

State-context comparisons use the same source period and composition schema. National community averages should not be treated as characteristics of any person.

The U.S.–India community contains materially different racial, ethnic, generational, linguistic, geographic, household, and socioeconomic profiles. National averages should not be treated as characteristics of every person.

Closest demographic peers

Peer rankings use population and settlement, migration, race and ethnicity, age and household, education and economic structure, language, and housing as separately disclosed dimensions.

Closest demographic peer 1

U.S.–China community

90.1% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 90.1% · without: 87.6% · rank change: 0.

Strongest similarities: Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable), Migration, nativity, and generation, Age and household

Largest differences: Language, Education, work, and income, Population and settlement

View dimension scores

Age and household: 93.5%
Education, work, and income: 85.6%
Housing and mobility: 89.4%
Language: 64.7%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 94.5%
Population and settlement: 86.3%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 100.0%
Population scale: 96.6%
Settlement concentration: 90.5%
State footprint: 71.9%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 2

U.S.–Nigeria community

89.4% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 89.4% · without: 86.8% · rank change: 1.

Strongest similarities: Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable), Age and household, Migration, nativity, and generation

Largest differences: Language, Population and settlement, Education, work, and income

View dimension scores

Age and household: 96.5%
Education, work, and income: 87.3%
Housing and mobility: 90.8%
Language: 75.4%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 91.7%
Population and settlement: 80.2%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 99.8%
Population scale: 74.6%
Settlement concentration: 97.1%
State footprint: 69.0%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 3

U.S.–Pakistan community

88.5% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 88.5% · without: 87.1% · rank change: -1.

Strongest similarities: Age and household, Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable), Housing and mobility

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Education, work, and income, Migration, nativity, and generation

View dimension scores

Age and household: 95.4%
Education, work, and income: 87.1%
Housing and mobility: 91.4%
Language: 88.9%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 88.8%
Population and settlement: 80.7%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 94.1%
Population scale: 72.3%
Settlement concentration: 95.0%
State footprint: 74.8%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Largest measured differences

The comparison asset reports the lowest demographic structural similarities without describing communities as enemies, opposites, incompatible groups, or unlikely allies.

U.S.–Tonga community — 52.4% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Samoa community — 52.8% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Grenada community — 53.4% measured structural similarity

Explore peers in Ally Finder

Data quality

Profile state: eligible_high_reliability
Reliable dimensions: 24
Observed basis: Country of birth in the 2020–2024 ACS 5-year PUMS

Suppressed cells remain labeled. Missing values and shared zeroes do not create similarity.

What should not be inferred

Aggregate demographic similarity does not establish agreement, alliance, representation, consent, endorsement, political behavior, nationality, dual citizenship, religion, caste, tribe, sect, or individual identity.

How the comparison was calculated

Dimension-specific categorical distributions use square-root Jensen–Shannon distance; ordered distributions use bounded Wasserstein distance; population totals use log-scaled distance; and state footprints use Jensen–Shannon distance. Available reliable dimensions are combined with versioned weights. KNN is a retrieval method, not a public claim about alliance.

Weights · Sources · Data quality

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