U.S. bi-national and heritage community · eligible high reliability

U.S.–Canada community

A country-specific aggregate research profile. It does not identify dual citizens and should not be treated as a description of every person.

What this record observesForeign birth: true · reported ancestry: false · citizenship status available: true · confirmed dual citizenship: false.

Community at a glance

Observed country-of-birth population984,860Margin of error ± 12,144

Foreign-born estimate824,607Margin of error ± 10,635

Unweighted sample52,880Reliability: high

Citizenship compositionNaturalized Us Citizen 42.9% · Not Us Citizen 40.8%Status in the aggregate cohort, not loyalty or civic commitment

Ancestry-linked estimateNot availableCrosswalk remains under governance review

Leading statesCalifornia, Florida, New YorkPresence, not demographic resemblance

Leading metrosNot availableNo research PUMA-to-metro allocation

Source period2020–2024ACS 5-year PUMS

Where this community lives

State count and share view. Location quotient and state-relative fields are available in the underlying state-profile asset.

California/CA

145,313 · 14.8%

Florida/FL

120,815 · 12.3%

New York/NY

73,337 · 7.4%

Texas/TX

66,717 · 6.8%

Washington/WA

54,914 · 5.6%

Arizona/AZ

44,838 · 4.6%

Michigan/MI

41,486 · 4.2%

Massachusetts/MA

30,997 · 3.1%

Illinois/IL

24,127 · 2.4%

New Jersey/NJ

22,697 · 2.3%

Accessible state presence table
State	Estimate	Share of community	Location quotient	Reliability
California/CA	145,313	14.8%	1.257828	high
Florida/FL	120,815	12.3%	1.832868	high
New York/NY	73,337	7.4%	1.256263	high
Texas/TX	66,717	6.8%	0.751564	high
Washington/WA	54,914	5.6%	2.389252	high
Arizona/AZ	44,838	4.6%	2.066465	high
Michigan/MI	41,486	4.2%	1.399933	high
Massachusetts/MA	30,997	3.1%	1.496465	high
Illinois/IL	24,127	2.4%	0.64632	high
New Jersey/NJ	22,697	2.3%	0.826065	high

Metropolitan profiles are withheld in this run because PUMS does not identify metropolitan areas and no research PUMA-to-metro allocation was authorized.

Race, ethnicity, and ancestry

Race, Hispanic or Latino origin, ancestry, country of birth, citizenship, and language remain separate concepts. These are aggregate estimates.

Race distribution

Aian Alone0.6%

Estimate 5,567 ± 701; unweighted sample 456.

Asian Alone7.7%

Estimate 75,576 ± 2,867; unweighted sample 3683.

Black Alone1.9%

Estimate 19,061 ± 1,933; unweighted sample 700.

Nhpi Alone0.1%

Estimate 612 ± 283; unweighted sample 30.

Some Other Race Alone1.0%

Estimate 10,319 ± 1,155; unweighted sample 441.

Two Or More Races5.2%

Estimate 51,697 ± 2,588; unweighted sample 2439.

White Alone83.5%

Estimate 822,028 ± 10,549; unweighted sample 45131.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Hispanic or Latino origin

Hispanic Or Latino1.9%

Estimate 18,902 ± 1,844; unweighted sample 786.

Not Hispanic Or Latino98.1%

Estimate 965,958 ± 12,039; unweighted sample 52094.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Ancestry composition is not published because the available country crosswalk is pending research deterministic validation. Hispanic or Latino origin is not treated as race.

Age, households, and economic structure

Age

18 To 3417.1%

Estimate 168,087 ± 4,038; unweighted sample 7942.

35 To 4921.9%

Estimate 215,891 ± 5,035; unweighted sample 10249.

50 To 6426.6%

Estimate 262,438 ± 5,560; unweighted sample 14138.

65 And Over27.1%

Estimate 266,893 ± 5,127; unweighted sample 17168.

Under 187.3%

Estimate 71,551 ± 3,562; unweighted sample 3383.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Sex as reported by the source

Female52.4%

Estimate 516,246 ± 8,566; unweighted sample 28181.

Male47.6%

Estimate 468,614 ± 7,153; unweighted sample 24699.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Nativity and citizenship

Born Abroad Of Us Parent16.3%

Estimate 160,253 ± 5,160; unweighted sample 8316.

Naturalized Us Citizen42.9%

Estimate 422,898 ± 5,757; unweighted sample 23720.

Not Us Citizen40.8%

Estimate 401,709 ± 7,806; unweighted sample 20844.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Period of entry

2010 To 201918.8%

Estimate 184,905 ± 5,877; unweighted sample 9053.

2020 Or Later8.6%

Estimate 84,480 ± 3,349; unweighted sample 4665.

Before 201072.6%

Estimate 715,475 ± 9,501; unweighted sample 39162.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Age at migration

18 To 3436.1%

Estimate 355,430 ± 6,251; unweighted sample 19107.

35 To 499.9%

Estimate 97,291 ± 3,098; unweighted sample 5506.

50 And Over5.6%

Estimate 55,596 ± 2,411; unweighted sample 3496.

Under 1848.4%

Estimate 476,543 ± 7,653; unweighted sample 24771.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Language and English proficiency

English Only81.2%

Estimate 791,202 ± 10,590; unweighted sample 42976.

Not At All0.1%

Estimate 1,415 ± 389; unweighted sample 68.

Not Well0.8%

Estimate 7,990 ± 872; unweighted sample 407.

Very Well15.8%

Estimate 154,027 ± 4,567; unweighted sample 7820.

Well2.0%

Estimate 19,697 ± 1,343; unweighted sample 1116.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household size

Five Or More People9.7%

Estimate 78,752 ± 2,881; unweighted sample 3832.

One Person19.1%

Estimate 154,778 ± 4,407; unweighted sample 7650.

Three Or Four People29.5%

Estimate 239,186 ± 4,885; unweighted sample 12201.

Two People41.8%

Estimate 338,890 ± 5,467; unweighted sample 19312.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household type

Family Household72.8%

Estimate 590,520 ± 7,570; unweighted sample 32140.

Nonfamily Household27.2%

Estimate 221,086 ± 5,108; unweighted sample 10855.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Multigenerational household

Multigenerational3.0%

Estimate 24,423 ± 1,651; unweighted sample 1205.

Not Multigenerational97.0%

Estimate 787,183 ± 8,744; unweighted sample 41790.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Households with children

Children Present26.6%

Estimate 215,526 ± 5,214; unweighted sample 10535.

No Children Present73.4%

Estimate 596,080 ± 8,087; unweighted sample 32460.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Education

Bachelors28.3%

Estimate 243,364 ± 4,788; unweighted sample 12683.

Graduate Or Professional24.6%

Estimate 211,699 ± 4,832; unweighted sample 11436.

High School Or Equivalent15.9%

Estimate 136,387 ± 3,724; unweighted sample 7608.

Less Than High School5.4%

Estimate 46,489 ± 2,165; unweighted sample 2742.

Some College Or Associate25.8%

Estimate 222,311 ± 4,861; unweighted sample 12206.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Employment

Armed Forces0.1%

Estimate 1,270 ± 302; unweighted sample 71.

Employed57.4%

Estimate 531,276 ± 8,291; unweighted sample 26753.

Not In Labor Force40.2%

Estimate 371,704 ± 6,979; unweighted sample 22255.

Unemployed2.2%

Estimate 20,763 ± 1,584; unweighted sample 982.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Occupation

Management Business Science Arts62.7%

Estimate 418,142 ± 6,957; unweighted sample 21600.

Military Specific0.1%

Estimate 841 ± 249; unweighted sample 46.

Natural Resources Construction Maintenance4.5%

Estimate 29,819 ± 1,705; unweighted sample 1620.

Production Transportation Material Moving6.1%

Estimate 40,468 ± 1,877; unweighted sample 2090.

Sales And Office16.9%

Estimate 112,832 ± 2,630; unweighted sample 5971.

Service9.7%

Estimate 64,516 ± 2,646; unweighted sample 3244.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Industry

Agriculture Forestry Fishing Mining0.9%

Estimate 5,615 ± 739; unweighted sample 375.

Arts Entertainment Hospitality7.9%

Estimate 51,896 ± 2,290; unweighted sample 2536.

Construction5.0%

Estimate 32,994 ± 1,731; unweighted sample 1650.

Education Health Social Services26.4%

Estimate 172,891 ± 4,215; unweighted sample 9205.

Finance Insurance Real Estate8.3%

Estimate 54,110 ± 2,217; unweighted sample 2776.

Information2.9%

Estimate 18,855 ± 1,479; unweighted sample 1011.

Manufacturing9.7%

Estimate 63,394 ± 2,086; unweighted sample 3173.

Military0.2%

Estimate 1,414 ± 311; unweighted sample 83.

Other Services4.1%

Estimate 26,797 ± 1,760; unweighted sample 1469.

Professional Administrative17.5%

Estimate 114,198 ± 3,275; unweighted sample 5918.

Public Administration3.5%

Estimate 22,661 ± 1,515; unweighted sample 1217.

Retail Trade8.5%

Estimate 55,312 ± 2,209; unweighted sample 2821.

Transportation Utilities3.2%

Estimate 21,128 ± 1,772; unweighted sample 1047.

Wholesale Trade2.0%

Estimate 13,149 ± 1,236; unweighted sample 677.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Personal income

100000 Or More27.5%

Estimate 255,509 ± 5,772; unweighted sample 13332.

1 To 2499921.9%

Estimate 203,666 ± 4,559; unweighted sample 11614.

25000 To 4999916.8%

Estimate 156,482 ± 3,661; unweighted sample 8612.

50000 To 9999922.3%

Estimate 207,172 ± 4,702; unweighted sample 10865.

Zero Or Negative11.5%

Estimate 107,326 ± 3,564; unweighted sample 5888.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Poverty

100 To 199 Percent9.4%

Estimate 90,934 ± 2,660; unweighted sample 4701.

200 To 399 Percent21.6%

Estimate 209,033 ± 6,231; unweighted sample 10900.

400 Percent Or More60.4%

Estimate 585,222 ± 9,681; unweighted sample 31117.

Below 100 Percent8.6%

Estimate 83,142 ± 2,995; unweighted sample 4499.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Health insurance

Covered94.8%

Estimate 934,128 ± 11,581; unweighted sample 50404.

Not Covered5.2%

Estimate 50,732 ± 2,794; unweighted sample 2476.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Disability

With Disability12.0%

Estimate 118,509 ± 2,688; unweighted sample 6921.

Without Disability88.0%

Estimate 866,351 ± 11,842; unweighted sample 45959.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing tenure

Occupied Without Cash Rent1.2%

Estimate 9,744 ± 899; unweighted sample 552.

Owned Free And Clear29.0%

Estimate 235,086 ± 4,355; unweighted sample 14358.

Owned With Mortgage46.2%

Estimate 374,795 ± 5,759; unweighted sample 19918.

Rented23.7%

Estimate 191,981 ± 4,973; unweighted sample 8167.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing-cost burden

30 To 49 Percent21.7%

Estimate 40,916 ± 1,923; unweighted sample 1750.

50 Percent Or More21.5%

Estimate 40,401 ± 1,926; unweighted sample 1692.

Under 30 Percent56.8%

Estimate 106,901 ± 3,730; unweighted sample 4565.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential tenure length

Established Residence39.0%

Estimate 316,312 ± 4,920; unweighted sample 18230.

Mid Term Residence38.2%

Estimate 310,370 ± 5,626; unweighted sample 15921.

Recent Move22.8%

Estimate 184,924 ± 4,307; unweighted sample 8844.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential mobility

Arrived From Outside Us4.4%

Estimate 42,955 ± 2,663; unweighted sample 2403.

Different House In Us10.8%

Estimate 105,823 ± 3,672; unweighted sample 5213.

Same House84.9%

Estimate 835,097 ± 11,082; unweighted sample 45209.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

How this community differs across states

Highest community presence

California/CA — 145,313
Florida/FL — 120,815
New York/NY — 73,337
Texas/TX — 66,717
Washington/WA — 54,914
Arizona/AZ — 44,838
Michigan/MI — 41,486
Massachusetts/MA — 30,997
Illinois/IL — 24,127
New Jersey/NJ — 22,697

Highest location quotient

Maine/ME — 3.38
Vermont/VT — 2.90
Washington/WA — 2.39
New Hampshire/NH — 2.29
Arizona/AZ — 2.07
North Dakota/ND — 1.85
Florida/FL — 1.83
Montana/MT — 1.82
Alaska/AK — 1.57
Hawaii/HI — 1.55

Closest surrounding demographic contexts

Vermont/VT — 94.8%
New Hampshire/NH — 94.2%
Minnesota/MN — 92.7%
District of Columbia/DC — 92.6%
Maine/ME — 92.4%
Wisconsin/WI — 91.6%
Massachusetts/MA — 91.6%
North Dakota/ND — 91.4%
Rhode Island/RI — 91.3%
Iowa/IA — 91.2%

Highest presence and closest surrounding context answer different questions and are never substituted for one another.

How this community compares with the United States

State-context comparisons use the same source period and composition schema. National community averages should not be treated as characteristics of any person.

The U.S.–Canada community contains materially different racial, ethnic, generational, linguistic, geographic, household, and socioeconomic profiles. National averages should not be treated as characteristics of every person.

Closest demographic peers

Peer rankings use population and settlement, migration, race and ethnicity, age and household, education and economic structure, language, and housing as separately disclosed dimensions.

Closest demographic peer 1

U.S.–Netherlands community

92.0% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 92.0% · without: 90.5% · rank change: 1.

Strongest similarities: Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable), Education, work, and income, Age and household

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Housing and mobility, Migration, nativity, and generation

View dimension scores

Age and household: 97.2%
Education, work, and income: 97.3%
Housing and mobility: 96.8%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 97.1%
Population and settlement: 77.1%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 97.7%
Population scale: 66.3%
Settlement concentration: 97.3%
State footprint: 67.9%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 2

U.S.–South Africa community

90.9% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 90.9% · without: 89.6% · rank change: 3.

Strongest similarities: Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable), Age and household, Education, work, and income

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Migration, nativity, and generation, Housing and mobility

View dimension scores

Age and household: 95.1%
Education, work, and income: 94.8%
Housing and mobility: 93.5%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 91.9%
Population and settlement: 81.3%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 96.0%
Population scale: 72.5%
Settlement concentration: 98.7%
State footprint: 72.6%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 3

U.S.–France community

90.3% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 90.3% · without: 90.1% · rank change: 1.

Strongest similarities: Age and household, Housing and mobility, Education, work, and income

Largest differences: Language, Population and settlement, Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable)

View dimension scores

Age and household: 97.7%
Education, work, and income: 96.4%
Housing and mobility: 96.9%
Language: 59.7%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 94.8%
Population and settlement: 83.7%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 91.4%
Population scale: 79.7%
Settlement concentration: 94.7%
State footprint: 76.6%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Largest measured differences

The comparison asset reports the lowest demographic structural similarities without describing communities as enemies, opposites, incompatible groups, or unlikely allies.

U.S.–Marshall Islands community — 55.7% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Tonga community — 56.1% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Rwanda community — 56.4% measured structural similarity

Explore peers in Ally Finder

Data quality

Profile state: eligible_high_reliability
Reliable dimensions: 24
Observed basis: Country of birth in the 2020–2024 ACS 5-year PUMS

Suppressed cells remain labeled. Missing values and shared zeroes do not create similarity.

What should not be inferred

Aggregate demographic similarity does not establish agreement, alliance, representation, consent, endorsement, political behavior, nationality, dual citizenship, religion, caste, tribe, sect, or individual identity.

How the comparison was calculated

Dimension-specific categorical distributions use square-root Jensen–Shannon distance; ordered distributions use bounded Wasserstein distance; population totals use log-scaled distance; and state footprints use Jensen–Shannon distance. Available reliable dimensions are combined with versioned weights. KNN is a retrieval method, not a public claim about alliance.

Weights · Sources · Data quality

Country desk

Canada

Canadian stakeholder, demographic, news, insights, policy, and research entry points, with source limitations preserved.

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