Showing 100 country expressions.
zaf-apartheid-001 · research requiredColonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: historical inheritance
zaf-apartheid-002 · research requiredColonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
zaf-apartheid-003 · research requiredColonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: historical inheritance
zaf-apartheid-004 · research requiredColonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: land and resource control
zaf-apartheid-005 · research requiredColonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-006 · research requiredColonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
zaf-apartheid-007 · research requiredColonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: historical inheritance
zaf-apartheid-008 · research requiredColonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-009 · research requiredColonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-010 · research requiredColonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: historical inheritance
zaf-apartheid-011 · research requiredApartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: identity signaling and proxy discrimination
zaf-apartheid-012 · research requiredApartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-013 · research requiredApartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
zaf-apartheid-014 · research requiredApartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
zaf-apartheid-015 · research requiredApartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
zaf-apartheid-016 · research requiredApartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
zaf-apartheid-017 · research requiredApartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
zaf-apartheid-018 · research requiredApartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
zaf-apartheid-019 · research requiredApartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
zaf-apartheid-020 · research requiredApartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
zaf-apartheid-021 · research requiredLand, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-022 · research requiredLand, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-023 · research requiredLand, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-024 · research requiredLand, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
zaf-apartheid-025 · research requiredLand, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
zaf-apartheid-026 · research requiredLand, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
zaf-apartheid-027 · research requiredLand, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
zaf-apartheid-028 · research requiredLand, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-029 · research requiredLand, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-030 · research requiredLand, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-031 · research requiredLabor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
zaf-apartheid-032 · research requiredLabor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
zaf-apartheid-033 · research requiredLabor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
zaf-apartheid-034 · research requiredLabor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
zaf-apartheid-035 · research requiredLabor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
zaf-apartheid-036 · research requiredLabor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
zaf-apartheid-037 · research requiredLabor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
zaf-apartheid-038 · research requiredLabor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
zaf-apartheid-039 · research requiredLabor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: childhood and life course vulnerability
zaf-apartheid-040 · research requiredLabor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
zaf-apartheid-041 · research requiredEducation, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
zaf-apartheid-042 · research requiredEducation, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
zaf-apartheid-043 · research requiredEducation, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
zaf-apartheid-044 · research requiredEducation, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
zaf-apartheid-045 · research requiredEducation, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
zaf-apartheid-046 · research requiredEducation, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
zaf-apartheid-047 · research requiredEducation, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
zaf-apartheid-048 · research requiredEducation, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: debt and collateral extraction
zaf-apartheid-049 · research requiredEducation, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
zaf-apartheid-050 · research requiredEducation, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
zaf-apartheid-051 · research requiredHealth, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
zaf-apartheid-052 · research requiredHealth, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
zaf-apartheid-053 · research requiredHealth, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
zaf-apartheid-054 · research requiredHealth, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
zaf-apartheid-055 · research requiredHealth, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
zaf-apartheid-056 · research requiredHealth, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
zaf-apartheid-057 · research requiredHealth, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
zaf-apartheid-058 · research requiredHealth, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
zaf-apartheid-059 · research requiredHealth, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: social protection and financial risk
zaf-apartheid-060 · research requiredHealth, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
zaf-apartheid-061 · research requiredRepression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
zaf-apartheid-062 · research requiredRepression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
zaf-apartheid-063 · research requiredRepression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
zaf-apartheid-064 · research requiredRepression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
zaf-apartheid-065 · research requiredRepression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: collective action and civic space
zaf-apartheid-066 · research requiredRepression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: collective action and civic space
zaf-apartheid-067 · research requiredRepression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: collective action and civic space
zaf-apartheid-068 · research requiredRepression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-069 · research requiredRepression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
zaf-apartheid-070 · research requiredRepression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
zaf-apartheid-071 · research requiredDemocratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
zaf-apartheid-072 · research requiredDemocratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
zaf-apartheid-073 · research requiredDemocratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: state capacity and implementation gap
zaf-apartheid-074 · research requiredDemocratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: corruption and discretion
zaf-apartheid-075 · research requiredDemocratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
zaf-apartheid-076 · research requiredDemocratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: state capacity and implementation gap
zaf-apartheid-077 · research requiredDemocratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
zaf-apartheid-078 · research requiredDemocratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: state capacity and implementation gap
zaf-apartheid-079 · research requiredDemocratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
zaf-apartheid-080 · research requiredDemocratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
zaf-apartheid-081 · research requiredRace, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
zaf-apartheid-082 · research requiredRace, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
zaf-apartheid-083 · research requiredRace, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
zaf-apartheid-084 · research requiredRace, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
zaf-apartheid-085 · research requiredRace, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
zaf-apartheid-086 · research requiredRace, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
zaf-apartheid-087 · research requiredRace, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
zaf-apartheid-088 · research requiredRace, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
zaf-apartheid-089 · research requiredRace, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
zaf-apartheid-090 · research requiredRace, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
zaf-apartheid-091 · research requiredContemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
zaf-apartheid-092 · research requiredContemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: feedback loop and social fragmentation
zaf-apartheid-093 · research requiredContemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
zaf-apartheid-094 · research requiredContemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
zaf-apartheid-095 · research requiredContemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: infrastructure and service delivery
zaf-apartheid-096 · research requiredContemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
zaf-apartheid-097 · research requiredContemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: land and resource control
zaf-apartheid-098 · research requiredContemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: land and resource control
zaf-apartheid-099 · research requiredContemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
zaf-apartheid-100 · research requiredContemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: feedback loop and social fragmentation