Settler colonialism and Indigenous dispossession
Colonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: historical inheritance
Country structural family
Apartheid and Post-Apartheid South Africa
Ten research desks organize one hundred country expressions. Taxonomy display does not establish that the named mechanism caused a particular outcome.
- Subcategories
- 10
- Country expressions
- 100
- research global crosswalks
- 0
- Current state
- Research required
Structural desks
- Colonial foundations and racial-state formation
- Apartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
- Land, space and forced displacement
- Labor, ownership and racial capitalism
- Education, language and knowledge inequality
- Health, family and social reproduction
- Repression, resistance and transitional justice
- Democratic institutions and governance after 1994
- Race, identity and intersectional hierarchy
- Contemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Showing 100 country expressions.
Slavery, indenture and coerced labor at the Cape
Colonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Frontier wars, conquest and territorial annexation
Colonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: historical inheritance
The mineral revolution and racial capitalism
Colonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: land and resource control
White agricultural settlement and property accumulation
Colonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Scientific racism, racial ideology and white supremacy
Colonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
Formation of the Union of South Africa and exclusionary citizenship
Colonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: historical inheritance
The 1913 Natives Land Act and territorial dispossession
Colonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
The 1936 Native Trust and Land Act
Colonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Afrikaner nationalism, poor-white uplift and National Party state formation
Colonial foundations and racial-state formation
Primary mechanism: historical inheritance
Population registration and compulsory racial classification
Apartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: identity signaling and proxy discrimination
The Group Areas Act and racially exclusive settlement
Apartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Pass laws, influx control and movement restrictions
Apartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act
Apartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
Prohibitions on interracial marriage and sexual relationships
Apartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Black political disenfranchisement and separate representation
Apartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
Bantu Authorities and state-manufactured tribal governance
Apartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Homelands, Bantustans and denationalization
Apartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
Suppression laws, political banning and security legislation
Apartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Emergency powers, detention without trial and state censorship
Apartheid’s legal and constitutional machinery
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Forced removals and destruction of established communities
Land, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Township planning and peripheral urbanization
Land, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Homeland overcrowding and engineered rural underdevelopment
Land, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Racial municipal boundaries and unequal municipal finance
Land, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
Migrant labor hostels and single-sex accommodation
Land, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
Spatial mismatch between housing and employment
Land, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Racially restricted homeownership and housing finance
Land, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
Informal settlements and backyard dwelling
Land, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Persistent post-apartheid urban segregation and exclusionary development
Land, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Land restitution, redistribution, tenure reform and unresolved claims
Land, space and forced displacement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
The color bar and racial job reservation
Labor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Mining compounds and controlled cheap labor
Labor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Exclusion of Black workers from recognized trade unions
Labor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Farm labor exploitation, tenancy and farm evictions
Labor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Domestic work and racialized, gendered care labor
Labor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Concentrated corporate, financial and productive-asset ownership
Labor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
Racial wage gaps and occupational segregation
Labor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Structural unemployment and discouraged work-seekers
Labor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Youth unemployment, labor-market exclusion and NEET status
Labor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: childhood and life course vulnerability
Employment Equity, B-BBEE and disputes over the distribution of transformation benefits
Labor, ownership and racial capitalism
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Bantu Education and racially differentiated schooling
Education, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Unequal school funding, facilities and infrastructure
Education, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Afrikaans imposition and language-of-instruction conflict
Education, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Segregated universities and unequal higher-education development
Education, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Teacher distribution, qualifications and school-leadership inequality
Education, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Literacy, numeracy and learning-outcome disparities
Education, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Unequal access to early-childhood development
Education, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
University access, fees, student debt and the Fees Must Fall movement
Education, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: debt and collateral extraction
Curriculum decolonization and representation of African knowledge
Education, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
The digital divide, skills mismatch and future-of-work exclusion
Education, language and knowledge inequality
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Racially segregated health services under apartheid
Health, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
The contemporary public-private healthcare divide
Health, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Mining-related silicosis, tuberculosis and occupational disease
Health, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
HIV/AIDS, treatment access and democratic-era AIDS denialism
Health, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Maternal, infant and reproductive-health inequality
Health, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Mental-health consequences of violence, displacement and deprivation
Health, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Migrant labor, family separation and disrupted caregiving
Health, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
Food insecurity, malnutrition and unequal nutrition
Health, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Social grants and redistributive social protection
Health, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: social protection and financial risk
Housing, water, sanitation, waste and environmental health
Health, family and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Racialized policing and police brutality
Repression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Massacres and lethal state repression
Repression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Torture, political imprisonment and disappearances
Repression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Banning, exile, censorship and suppression of political organization
Repression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Trade-union, student, civic and community resistance
Repression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: collective action and civic space
Liberation movements, armed struggle and counterinsurgency
Repression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: collective action and civic space
International sanctions, divestment and cultural and sporting boycotts
Repression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: collective action and civic space
The negotiated transition and the 1994 democratic settlement
Repression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission: truth, amnesty and reparations
Repression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
Unresolved prosecutions, missing persons and apartheid-era impunity
Repression, resistance and transitional justice
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
Constitutional equality, dignity and socioeconomic rights
Democratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
Electoral democracy, dominant-party politics and coalition governance
Democratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Public-sector transformation and administrative capacity
Democratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: state capacity and implementation gap
Patronage, cadre deployment and politicized appointments
Democratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: corruption and discretion
Corruption, procurement abuse and state capture
Democratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
Governance of Eskom, Transnet, PRASA and other state-owned enterprises
Democratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: state capacity and implementation gap
Municipal capacity, fiscal stress and service-delivery protests
Democratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Post-apartheid police reform, crime intelligence and public trust
Democratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: state capacity and implementation gap
Judicial independence, access to justice and enforcement capacity
Democratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
Traditional leadership, communal tenure and democratic accountability
Democratic institutions and governance after 1994
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Persistent racism and racial hierarchy
Race, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
The racial wealth gap and inherited intergenerational advantage
Race, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
Class differentiation within the Black majority
Race, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
Coloured identity, marginalization and regional inequality
Race, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
Indian South African history, citizenship and socioeconomic positioning
Race, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
Khoisan recognition, Indigenous claims and language rights
Race, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
Patriarchy and gendered economic inequality
Race, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
Gender-based violence, femicide and violence against children
Race, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
LGBTQ+ constitutional equality, discrimination and hate violence
Race, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Disability, race, poverty and spatial exclusion
Race, identity and intersectional hierarchy
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
Xenophobia, Afrophobia, migration and contested belonging
Contemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
Poverty, extreme inequality and constrained social mobility
Contemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: feedback loop and social fragmentation
Housing backlogs, homelessness and unequal property markets
Contemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
Energy insecurity, load shedding and energy justice
Contemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
Water insecurity, infrastructure decay and unequal service reliability
Contemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: infrastructure and service delivery
Crime, gang violence, vigilantism and community safety
Contemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Agrarian reform, rural livelihoods and unequal food systems
Contemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: land and resource control
Environmental racism, mining pollution, climate vulnerability and the just transition
Contemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: land and resource control
Memory, monuments, archives, heritage and historical denial
Contemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
Nonracialism, reconciliation, social cohesion and the unfinished nation-building project
Contemporary outcomes and feedback loops
Primary mechanism: feedback loop and social fragmentation