U.S. bi-national and heritage community · eligible high reliability

U.S.–Spain community

A country-specific aggregate research profile. It does not identify dual citizens and should not be treated as a description of every person.

What this record observesForeign birth: true · reported ancestry: false · citizenship status available: true · confirmed dual citizenship: false.

Community at a glance

Observed country-of-birth population170,489Margin of error ± 5,530

Foreign-born estimate128,223Margin of error ± 4,896

Unweighted sample7,747Reliability: high

Citizenship compositionNot Us Citizen 41.7% · Naturalized Us Citizen 33.5%Status in the aggregate cohort, not loyalty or civic commitment

Ancestry-linked estimateNot availableCrosswalk remains under governance review

Leading statesFlorida, California, New YorkPresence, not demographic resemblance

Leading metrosNot availableNo research PUMA-to-metro allocation

Source period2020–2024ACS 5-year PUMS

Where this community lives

State count and share view. Location quotient and state-relative fields are available in the underlying state-profile asset.

Florida/FL

27,633 · 16.2%

California/CA

20,304 · 11.9%

New York/NY

17,827 · 10.5%

Texas/TX

15,020 · 8.8%

New Jersey/NJ

11,142 · 6.5%

Virginia/VA

6,042 · 3.5%

Maryland/MD

5,450 · 3.2%

Massachusetts/MA

5,075 · 3.0%

Illinois/IL

4,933 · 2.9%

Pennsylvania/PA

4,013 · 2.4%

Accessible state presence table
State	Estimate	Share of community	Location quotient	Reliability
Florida/FL	27,633	16.2%	2.421678	high
California/CA	20,304	11.9%	1.015258	high
New York/NY	17,827	10.5%	1.764062	high
Texas/TX	15,020	8.8%	0.977412	high
New Jersey/NJ	11,142	6.5%	2.342541	moderate
Virginia/VA	6,042	3.5%	1.363488	moderate
Maryland/MD	5,450	3.2%	1.72517	moderate
Massachusetts/MA	5,075	3.0%	1.415341	moderate
Illinois/IL	4,933	2.9%	0.763367	moderate
Pennsylvania/PA	4,013	2.4%	0.605552	limited

Metropolitan profiles are withheld in this run because PUMS does not identify metropolitan areas and no research PUMA-to-metro allocation was authorized.

Race, ethnicity, and ancestry

Race, Hispanic or Latino origin, ancestry, country of birth, citizenship, and language remain separate concepts. These are aggregate estimates.

Race distribution

Aian AloneSuppressed

Unweighted sample 26; public estimate withheld.

Asian Alone0.9%

Estimate 1,457 ± 482; unweighted sample 67.

Black Alone2.0%

Estimate 3,455 ± 775; unweighted sample 108.

Nhpi AloneSuppressed

Unweighted sample 8; public estimate withheld.

Some Other Race Alone10.0%

Estimate 17,016 ± 1,719; unweighted sample 710.

Two Or More Races63.1%

Estimate 107,503 ± 4,043; unweighted sample 4890.

White Alone23.7%

Estimate 40,382 ± 2,365; unweighted sample 1938.

Other Or Suppressed0.4%

Estimate 676 ± Not enough reliable data; unweighted sample 34.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Hispanic or Latino origin

Hispanic Or Latino81.8%

Estimate 139,516 ± 5,150; unweighted sample 6254.

Not Hispanic Or Latino18.2%

Estimate 30,973 ± 1,929; unweighted sample 1493.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Ancestry composition is not published because the available country crosswalk is pending research deterministic validation. Hispanic or Latino origin is not treated as race.

Age, households, and economic structure

Age

18 To 3420.3%

Estimate 34,679 ± 2,704; unweighted sample 1504.

35 To 4925.7%

Estimate 43,858 ± 2,401; unweighted sample 1878.

50 To 6425.8%

Estimate 43,991 ± 2,369; unweighted sample 2090.

65 And Over15.0%

Estimate 25,571 ± 1,571; unweighted sample 1388.

Under 1813.1%

Estimate 22,390 ± 2,243; unweighted sample 887.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Sex as reported by the source

Female49.1%

Estimate 83,725 ± 3,536; unweighted sample 3930.

Male50.9%

Estimate 86,764 ± 3,644; unweighted sample 3817.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Nativity and citizenship

Born Abroad Of Us Parent24.8%

Estimate 42,266 ± 2,507; unweighted sample 1980.

Naturalized Us Citizen33.5%

Estimate 57,115 ± 2,781; unweighted sample 2807.

Not Us Citizen41.7%

Estimate 71,108 ± 3,947; unweighted sample 2960.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Period of entry

2010 To 201928.9%

Estimate 49,332 ± 3,182; unweighted sample 2053.

2020 Or Later12.3%

Estimate 21,048 ± 1,951; unweighted sample 962.

Before 201058.7%

Estimate 100,109 ± 3,928; unweighted sample 4732.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Age at migration

18 To 3437.1%

Estimate 63,235 ± 3,013; unweighted sample 2875.

35 To 4910.7%

Estimate 18,262 ± 1,570; unweighted sample 875.

50 And Over3.0%

Estimate 5,190 ± 642; unweighted sample 244.

Under 1849.2%

Estimate 83,802 ± 3,504; unweighted sample 3753.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Language and English proficiency

English Only27.1%

Estimate 45,420 ± 2,313; unweighted sample 2126.

Not At All1.6%

Estimate 2,660 ± 523; unweighted sample 119.

Not Well5.8%

Estimate 9,732 ± 1,059; unweighted sample 434.

Very Well50.7%

Estimate 84,977 ± 3,782; unweighted sample 3858.

Well14.8%

Estimate 24,747 ± 1,630; unweighted sample 1118.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household size

Five Or More People12.4%

Estimate 16,223 ± 1,310; unweighted sample 749.

One Person16.5%

Estimate 21,668 ± 1,817; unweighted sample 863.

Three Or Four People36.7%

Estimate 48,156 ± 2,341; unweighted sample 2198.

Two People34.4%

Estimate 45,124 ± 2,273; unweighted sample 2169.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household type

Family Household73.5%

Estimate 96,414 ± 3,262; unweighted sample 4625.

Nonfamily Household26.5%

Estimate 34,757 ± 2,393; unweighted sample 1354.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Multigenerational household

Multigenerational4.5%

Estimate 5,962 ± 808; unweighted sample 280.

Not Multigenerational95.5%

Estimate 125,209 ± 4,146; unweighted sample 5699.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Households with children

Children Present33.8%

Estimate 44,271 ± 2,289; unweighted sample 1963.

No Children Present66.2%

Estimate 86,900 ± 3,460; unweighted sample 4016.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Education

Bachelors22.0%

Estimate 29,759 ± 1,858; unweighted sample 1365.

Graduate Or Professional32.2%

Estimate 43,541 ± 2,459; unweighted sample 2056.

High School Or Equivalent16.3%

Estimate 22,037 ± 1,579; unweighted sample 980.

Less Than High School9.6%

Estimate 12,979 ± 1,296; unweighted sample 593.

Some College Or Associate19.8%

Estimate 26,756 ± 1,690; unweighted sample 1174.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Employment

Armed Forces0.4%

Estimate 573 ± 222; unweighted sample 30.

Employed64.5%

Estimate 98,219 ± 3,932; unweighted sample 4263.

Not In Labor Force32.5%

Estimate 49,476 ± 2,187; unweighted sample 2588.

Unemployed2.7%

Estimate 4,043 ± 755; unweighted sample 164.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Occupation

Management Business Science Arts60.4%

Estimate 70,773 ± 3,294; unweighted sample 3238.

Military SpecificSuppressed

Unweighted sample 14; public estimate withheld.

Natural Resources Construction Maintenance5.1%

Estimate 5,916 ± 974; unweighted sample 233.

Production Transportation Material Moving7.3%

Estimate 8,494 ± 942; unweighted sample 339.

Sales And Office16.3%

Estimate 19,035 ± 1,702; unweighted sample 806.

Service10.8%

Estimate 12,674 ± 1,216; unweighted sample 584.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: limited.

Industry

Agriculture Forestry Fishing Mining0.6%

Estimate 732 ± 283; unweighted sample 28.

Arts Entertainment Hospitality8.2%

Estimate 9,460 ± 1,023; unweighted sample 412.

Construction5.0%

Estimate 5,737 ± 781; unweighted sample 250.

Education Health Social Services27.4%

Estimate 31,537 ± 2,050; unweighted sample 1480.

Finance Insurance Real Estate6.8%

Estimate 7,866 ± 793; unweighted sample 363.

Information3.4%

Estimate 3,957 ± 868; unweighted sample 158.

Manufacturing9.2%

Estimate 10,557 ± 1,391; unweighted sample 432.

Military0.6%

Estimate 652 ± 246; unweighted sample 34.

Other Services3.9%

Estimate 4,428 ± 797; unweighted sample 214.

Professional Administrative18.4%

Estimate 21,195 ± 1,903; unweighted sample 932.

Public Administration4.2%

Estimate 4,784 ± 730; unweighted sample 230.

Retail Trade6.5%

Estimate 7,434 ± 943; unweighted sample 337.

Transportation Utilities4.0%

Estimate 4,566 ± 813; unweighted sample 172.

Wholesale Trade1.8%

Estimate 2,020 ± 497; unweighted sample 98.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Personal income

100000 Or More22.9%

Estimate 35,487 ± 2,199; unweighted sample 1678.

1 To 2499922.3%

Estimate 34,609 ± 2,136; unweighted sample 1664.

25000 To 4999917.0%

Estimate 26,311 ± 1,869; unweighted sample 1132.

50000 To 9999923.4%

Estimate 36,381 ± 2,333; unweighted sample 1556.

Zero Or Negative14.4%

Estimate 22,374 ± 1,906; unweighted sample 1124.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Poverty

100 To 199 Percent10.7%

Estimate 17,612 ± 1,620; unweighted sample 702.

200 To 399 Percent24.0%

Estimate 39,715 ± 2,515; unweighted sample 1654.

400 Percent Or More54.0%

Estimate 89,196 ± 3,731; unweighted sample 4155.

Below 100 Percent11.3%

Estimate 18,739 ± 1,919; unweighted sample 770.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Health insurance

Covered93.3%

Estimate 159,079 ± 5,554; unweighted sample 7315.

Not Covered6.7%

Estimate 11,410 ± 1,231; unweighted sample 432.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Disability

With Disability9.9%

Estimate 16,901 ± 1,237; unweighted sample 889.

Without Disability90.1%

Estimate 153,588 ± 5,272; unweighted sample 6858.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing tenure

Occupied Without Cash Rent1.3%

Estimate 1,745 ± 489; unweighted sample 79.

Owned Free And Clear21.8%

Estimate 28,543 ± 1,552; unweighted sample 1514.

Owned With Mortgage40.5%

Estimate 53,168 ± 2,398; unweighted sample 2641.

Rented36.4%

Estimate 47,715 ± 2,732; unweighted sample 1745.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing-cost burden

30 To 49 Percent23.5%

Estimate 11,062 ± 1,228; unweighted sample 384.

50 Percent Or More23.0%

Estimate 10,852 ± 1,244; unweighted sample 379.

Under 30 Percent53.5%

Estimate 25,225 ± 2,160; unweighted sample 961.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential tenure length

Established Residence33.1%

Estimate 43,423 ± 2,021; unweighted sample 2266.

Mid Term Residence40.7%

Estimate 53,447 ± 2,464; unweighted sample 2354.

Recent Move26.1%

Estimate 34,301 ± 2,361; unweighted sample 1359.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential mobility

Arrived From Outside Us6.2%

Estimate 10,469 ± 1,302; unweighted sample 535.

Different House In Us12.5%

Estimate 21,260 ± 2,253; unweighted sample 895.

Same House81.4%

Estimate 138,402 ± 4,802; unweighted sample 6308.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

How this community differs across states

Highest community presence

Florida/FL — 27,633
California/CA — 20,304
New York/NY — 17,827
Texas/TX — 15,020
New Jersey/NJ — 11,142
Virginia/VA — 6,042
Maryland/MD — 5,450
Massachusetts/MA — 5,075
Illinois/IL — 4,933
Pennsylvania/PA — 4,013

Highest location quotient

District of Columbia/DC — 4.98
Florida/FL — 2.42
New Jersey/NJ — 2.34
New York/NY — 1.76
Maryland/MD — 1.73
Connecticut/CT — 1.44
Massachusetts/MA — 1.42
Virginia/VA — 1.36
Rhode Island/RI — 1.26
Maine/ME — 1.16

Closest surrounding demographic contexts

Vermont/VT — 87.3%
California/CA — 86.8%
Rhode Island/RI — 85.9%
New Jersey/NJ — 85.1%
District of Columbia/DC — 84.7%
Texas/TX — 84.3%
New Mexico/NM — 84.3%
Colorado/CO — 84.0%
Connecticut/CT — 83.8%
Arizona/AZ — 83.7%

Highest presence and closest surrounding context answer different questions and are never substituted for one another.

How this community compares with the United States

State-context comparisons use the same source period and composition schema. National community averages should not be treated as characteristics of any person.

The U.S.–Spain community contains materially different racial, ethnic, generational, linguistic, geographic, household, and socioeconomic profiles. National averages should not be treated as characteristics of every person.

Closest demographic peers

Peer rankings use population and settlement, migration, race and ethnicity, age and household, education and economic structure, language, and housing as separately disclosed dimensions.

Closest demographic peer 1

U.S.–Panama community

91.4% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 91.4% · without: 91.0% · rank change: 4.

Strongest similarities: Age and household, Housing and mobility, Education, work, and income

Largest differences: Migration, nativity, and generation, Population and settlement, Language

View dimension scores

Age and household: 94.3%
Education, work, and income: 93.1%
Housing and mobility: 93.4%
Language: 91.5%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 85.1%
Population and settlement: 90.8%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 92.9%
Population scale: 98.5%
Settlement concentration: 96.8%
State footprint: 77.0%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 2

U.S.–Malaysia community

90.6% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 90.6% · without: 90.6% · rank change: 7.

Strongest similarities: Education, work, and income, Age and household, Language

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Migration, nativity, and generation, Housing and mobility

View dimension scores

Age and household: 96.3%
Education, work, and income: 96.9%
Housing and mobility: 93.6%
Language: 93.7%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 89.3%
Population and settlement: 83.5%
Population scale: 90.3%
Settlement concentration: 95.7%
State footprint: 64.4%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 3

U.S.–Argentina community

90.2% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 90.2% · without: 90.9% · rank change: 3.

Strongest similarities: Age and household, Housing and mobility, Education, work, and income

Largest differences: Language, Migration, nativity, and generation, Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable)

View dimension scores

Age and household: 97.6%
Education, work, and income: 94.6%
Housing and mobility: 95.5%
Language: 82.9%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 86.8%
Population and settlement: 88.0%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 87.8%
Population scale: 96.8%
Settlement concentration: 88.8%
State footprint: 78.6%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Largest measured differences

The comparison asset reports the lowest demographic structural similarities without describing communities as enemies, opposites, incompatible groups, or unlikely allies.

U.S.–Tonga community — 58.3% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Montenegro community — 59.5% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Rwanda community — 60.2% measured structural similarity

Explore peers in Ally Finder

Data quality

Profile state: eligible_high_reliability
Reliable dimensions: 23
Observed basis: Country of birth in the 2020–2024 ACS 5-year PUMS

Suppressed cells remain labeled. Missing values and shared zeroes do not create similarity.

What should not be inferred

Aggregate demographic similarity does not establish agreement, alliance, representation, consent, endorsement, political behavior, nationality, dual citizenship, religion, caste, tribe, sect, or individual identity.

How the comparison was calculated

Dimension-specific categorical distributions use square-root Jensen–Shannon distance; ordered distributions use bounded Wasserstein distance; population totals use log-scaled distance; and state footprints use Jensen–Shannon distance. Available reliable dimensions are combined with versioned weights. KNN is a retrieval method, not a public claim about alliance.

Weights · Sources · Data quality