Untouchability and everyday social exclusion
Inherited status, identity and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: inherited status classification
Country structural family
Structural Casteism and Caste-Based Social Closure in India
Ten research desks organize one hundred country expressions. Taxonomy display does not establish that the named mechanism caused a particular outcome.
- Subcategories
- 10
- Country expressions
- 100
- research global crosswalks
- 0
- Current state
- Research required
Structural desks
- Inherited status, identity and social reproduction
- Land, settlement and public space
- Labor, occupation, wealth and markets
- Education and knowledge formation
- Health, nutrition, welfare and environmental burden
- Violence, coercion and access to justice
- Political, administrative and institutional power
- Ideology, religion, culture and knowledge power
- Cities, corporations, technology and transnational reproduction
- Intersectionality, differentiation, mobilization and measurement
Showing 100 country expressions.
Local jati hierarchies and graded inequality
Inherited status, identity and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: inherited status classification
Caste endogamy and marriage-market closure
Inherited status, identity and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Coercion, ostracism and violence against inter-caste couples
Inherited status, identity and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Family, caste-panchayat and community enforcement of caste boundaries
Inherited status, identity and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Purity-and-pollution rules governing food, touch, commensality and proximity
Inherited status, identity and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: inherited status classification
Surname, name, accent, locality and social-network caste signalling
Inherited status, identity and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: identity signaling and proxy discrimination
Forced caste disclosure, concealment and “passing” in institutions
Inherited status, identity and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: identity signaling and proxy discrimination
Intra-Dalit, intra-SC, intra-OBC and sub-caste hierarchies
Inherited status, identity and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
Persistence or transformation of caste after religious conversion
Inherited status, identity and social reproduction
Primary mechanism: inherited status classification
Caste-segregated village settlement patterns and Dalit hamlets
Land, settlement and public space
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Urban residential segregation and caste concentration by ward or neighborhood
Land, settlement and public space
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Unequal infrastructure in caste-segregated settlements
Land, settlement and public space
Primary mechanism: infrastructure and service delivery
Landlessness and caste concentration of agricultural land ownership
Land, settlement and public space
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
Tenancy, sharecropping and insecure land rights
Land, settlement and public space
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
Dispossession or encroachment of assigned, common, community and forest lands
Land, settlement and public space
Primary mechanism: land and resource control
Unequal access to water sources, roads, sanitation and common property
Land, settlement and public space
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Exclusion from shops, eateries, salons and other public accommodations
Land, settlement and public space
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Temple, religious-site, burial-ground and cremation-ground access
Land, settlement and public space
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Rental, home-purchase, relocation and disaster-rehabilitation discrimination
Land, settlement and public space
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
Hereditary occupational assignment and occupational closure
Labor, occupation, wealth and markets
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Manual scavenging
Labor, occupation, wealth and markets
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Sewer and septic-tank deaths and hazardous sanitation work
Labor, occupation, wealth and markets
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Caste concentration in sanitation, waste work, leather work and carcass disposal
Labor, occupation, wealth and markets
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Bonded, attached and debt-linked labor
Labor, occupation, wealth and markets
Primary mechanism: debt and collateral extraction
Unpaid or underpaid customary caste-service obligations
Labor, occupation, wealth and markets
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Agricultural wage discrimination, labor coercion and retaliatory exclusion
Labor, occupation, wealth and markets
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Hiring discrimination and formal-sector occupational segregation
Labor, occupation, wealth and markets
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Promotion ceilings, wealth inheritance and intergenerational economic mobility
Labor, occupation, wealth and markets
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Exclusion from credit, entrepreneurship, procurement, supply chains and markets
Labor, occupation, wealth and markets
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
Anganwadi and early-childhood access and discrimination
Education and knowledge formation
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
School admission, enrollment and documentation barriers
Education and knowledge formation
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
Segregation in classroom seating, meals, water and assigned tasks
Education and knowledge formation
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Teacher prejudice, humiliation, low expectations and corporal punishment
Education and knowledge formation
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Attendance, dropout and primary-to-secondary transition gaps
Education and knowledge formation
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Learning-outcome and school-quality disparities
Education and knowledge formation
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Scholarship, hostel, fee-waiver and certificate-administration failures
Education and knowledge formation
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Coaching, entrance-examination and digital-learning inequalities
Education and knowledge formation
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Peer exclusion, disciplinary bias and institutional discrimination in higher education
Education and knowledge formation
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Underrepresentation among faculty, researchers, administrators and institutional leaders
Education and knowledge formation
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Maternal-health and maternal-mortality disparities
Health, nutrition, welfare and environmental burden
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Infant, child and preventable mortality disparities
Health, nutrition, welfare and environmental burden
Primary mechanism: childhood and life course vulnerability
Malnutrition, anemia and household food-security disparities
Health, nutrition, welfare and environmental burden
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Discrimination in hospitals, clinics and primary health centers
Health, nutrition, welfare and environmental burden
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Unequal or segregated frontline health-service delivery
Health, nutrition, welfare and environmental burden
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Reproductive autonomy, contraception and sterilization bias
Health, nutrition, welfare and environmental burden
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Mental-health harms, humiliation, trauma and suicide risk
Health, nutrition, welfare and environmental burden
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Compounding of caste and disability
Health, nutrition, welfare and environmental burden
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Exclusion from ration cards, pensions, insurance and social-protection programs
Health, nutrition, welfare and environmental burden
Primary mechanism: social protection and financial risk
Disproportionate sanitation, pollution, unsafe-water, housing and climate exposure
Health, nutrition, welfare and environmental burden
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Atrocities against Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe communities
Violence, coercion and access to justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Sexual violence against Dalit and Adivasi women and girls
Violence, coercion and access to justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Caste-based social and economic boycotts
Violence, coercion and access to justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Collective punishment and retaliatory attacks on settlements or families
Violence, coercion and access to justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Violence arising from land claims, wage demands, political participation or social assertion
Violence, coercion and access to justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Refusal or delay in FIR registration and misclassification of offences
Violence, coercion and access to justice
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
Investigation quality, evidence preservation and charge-sheet delays
Violence, coercion and access to justice
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
Bail, prosecution, trial delay, conviction and sentencing outcomes
Violence, coercion and access to justice
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
Witness intimidation, victim compensation and rehabilitation failures
Violence, coercion and access to justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Custodial violence, prison discrimination and unequal legal aid
Violence, coercion and access to justice
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Reservation implementation and backlog vacancies
Political, administrative and institutional power
Primary mechanism: state capacity and implementation gap
Reservation evasion through outsourcing, contracting and privatization
Political, administrative and institutional power
Primary mechanism: state capacity and implementation gap
Caste-certificate denial, classification disputes, fraudulent claims and gatekeeping
Political, administrative and institutional power
Primary mechanism: measurement invisibility and data gap
Representation in civil services and senior bureaucracy
Political, administrative and institutional power
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Representation in the judiciary, police, prosecution and legal profession
Political, administrative and institutional power
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
Representation in Parliament, state legislatures and local government
Political, administrative and institutional power
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Proxy control or coercion of representatives elected from reserved seats
Political, administrative and institutional power
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Dominant-caste capture of panchayats, municipalities and local resources
Political, administrative and institutional power
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Allocation, diversion and underuse of SC/ST development funding
Political, administrative and institutional power
Primary mechanism: state capacity and implementation gap
Effectiveness of commissions, grievance mechanisms and institutional accountability
Political, administrative and institutional power
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
“Merit” ideology, reservation stigma and anti-reservation backlash
Ideology, religion, culture and knowledge power
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
Casteist slurs, jokes, humiliation and normalized everyday language
Ideology, religion, culture and knowledge power
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
Textbook omission or sanitization of caste history
Ideology, religion, culture and knowledge power
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
Erasure of anti-caste thinkers, movements, memorials and intellectual traditions
Ideology, religion, culture and knowledge power
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
Media ownership and newsroom representation
Ideology, religion, culture and knowledge power
Primary mechanism: asset and capital concentration
Caste stereotypes in film, television, advertising and popular culture
Ideology, religion, culture and knowledge power
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
Gatekeeping in academia, publishing, think tanks and knowledge production
Ideology, religion, culture and knowledge power
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Priesthood, religious authority and ritual exclusion
Ideology, religion, culture and knowledge power
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
Appropriation or devaluation of Dalit-Bahujan-Adivasi cultures and labor
Ideology, religion, culture and knowledge power
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Representation in arts, sports, cultural institutions, juries and awards
Ideology, religion, culture and knowledge power
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Caste discrimination in corporate and technology workplaces
Cities, corporations, technology and transnational reproduction
Primary mechanism: technology and platform bias
Referral, alumni, professional-network and mentorship exclusion
Cities, corporations, technology and transnational reproduction
Primary mechanism: network closure and gatekeeping
Caste bias in gig work, ratings, customer decisions and platform allocation
Cities, corporations, technology and transnational reproduction
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Algorithmic use of surnames, geography, language and networks as caste proxies
Cities, corporations, technology and transnational reproduction
Primary mechanism: identity signaling and proxy discrimination
Online caste hate, harassment, threats, doxxing and misinformation
Cities, corporations, technology and transnational reproduction
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Caste filters and ranking on matrimonial and dating platforms
Cities, corporations, technology and transnational reproduction
Primary mechanism: identity signaling and proxy discrimination
Urban casteism concealed as class, merit, language, etiquette or “culture fit”
Cities, corporations, technology and transnational reproduction
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
Discrimination affecting migrants, hostels, shared housing and mobile workers
Cities, corporations, technology and transnational reproduction
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Caste reproduction in diaspora organizations and transnational companies
Cities, corporations, technology and transnational reproduction
Primary mechanism: identity signaling and proxy discrimination
Absence of caste from corporate disclosure, DEI, complaints and risk controls
Cities, corporations, technology and transnational reproduction
Primary mechanism: identity signaling and proxy discrimination
Dalit women and caste-gender-patriarchy intersections
Intersectionality, differentiation, mobilization and measurement
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Adivasi distinctness and interaction between caste, tribe, land and indigeneity
Intersectionality, differentiation, mobilization and measurement
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
OBC heterogeneity, dominant-caste power and exclusion of most-backward groups
Intersectionality, differentiation, mobilization and measurement
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
Denotified, nomadic and semi-nomadic communities
Intersectionality, differentiation, mobilization and measurement
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
Caste among Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist and other religious communities
Intersectionality, differentiation, mobilization and measurement
Primary mechanism: intersectional compounding
LGBTQ+ and gender-diverse Dalit-Bahujan-Adivasi experiences
Intersectionality, differentiation, mobilization and measurement
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Caste vulnerabilities across childhood, youth, old age and migration
Intersectionality, differentiation, mobilization and measurement
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
Anti-caste organizing, labor organization, civic space and retaliation
Intersectionality, differentiation, mobilization and measurement
Primary mechanism: collective action and civic space
Caste enumeration, undercounting, missing jati-level data and incompatible classifications
Intersectionality, differentiation, mobilization and measurement
Primary mechanism: measurement invisibility and data gap
Effectiveness of reservations, redistribution, anti-discrimination law and enforcement
Intersectionality, differentiation, mobilization and measurement
Primary mechanism: reform design and distribution