Intergenerational consequences of genocide and mass violence
Historical inheritance, governance and institutional power
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Country structural family
Structural Inequities in Cambodia
Ten research desks organize one hundred country expressions. Taxonomy display does not establish that the named mechanism caused a particular outcome.
- Subcategories
- 10
- Country expressions
- 100
- research global crosswalks
- 0
- Current state
- Research required
Structural desks
- Historical inheritance, governance and institutional power
- Land, housing and spatial dispossession
- Agriculture, fisheries, forests and rural livelihoods
- Labour markets, industrial development and migration
- Household debt, finance and social protection
- Education, skills and the digital divide
- Health, nutrition, water and sanitation
- Gender, family power and bodily autonomy
- Ethnicity, language, citizenship, disability and social identity
- Climate, infrastructure, illicit economies and evidence governance
Showing 100 country expressions.
Loss of institutional and professional capacity caused by historical conflict
Historical inheritance, governance and institutional power
Primary mechanism: state capacity and implementation gap
Intergenerational trauma and inadequate psychosocial support
Historical inheritance, governance and institutional power
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Concentration of political and executive power
Historical inheritance, governance and institutional power
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Restricted electoral competition and political participation
Historical inheritance, governance and institutional power
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Constraints on civil society, protest and freedom of association
Historical inheritance, governance and institutional power
Primary mechanism: collective action and civic space
Weakness of independent and pluralistic media
Historical inheritance, governance and institutional power
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
Uneven judicial independence and access to impartial justice
Historical inheritance, governance and institutional power
Primary mechanism: justice and remedy failure
Patronage, clientelism and politically mediated access to opportunity
Historical inheritance, governance and institutional power
Primary mechanism: corruption and discretion
Corruption, administrative discretion and weak public accountability
Historical inheritance, governance and institutional power
Primary mechanism: corruption and discretion
Incomplete, disputed or insecure household land tenure
Land, housing and spatial dispossession
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Forced eviction and development-induced displacement
Land, housing and spatial dispossession
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Economic land concessions and unequal access to productive land
Land, housing and spatial dispossession
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Barriers to Indigenous communal land titles
Land, housing and spatial dispossession
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Rural landlessness and declining farm-plot viability
Land, housing and spatial dispossession
Primary mechanism: land and resource control
Women’s unequal land ownership, inheritance and registration
Land, housing and spatial dispossession
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Urban informal-settlement tenure insecurity
Land, housing and spatial dispossession
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Peripheral resettlement without adequate transport or public services
Land, housing and spatial dispossession
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Real-estate speculation and exclusion from urban land markets
Land, housing and spatial dispossession
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Landmine and unexploded-ordnance contamination restricting safe land use
Land, housing and spatial dispossession
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Smallholder farmers’ weak bargaining power in agricultural value chains
Agriculture, fisheries, forests and rural livelihoods
Primary mechanism: market power and value chain dependency
Unequal access to irrigation and reliable agricultural water
Agriculture, fisheries, forests and rural livelihoods
Primary mechanism: land and resource control
Dependence on rain-fed and climate-sensitive agriculture
Agriculture, fisheries, forests and rural livelihoods
Primary mechanism: environmental and climate exposure
Unequal access to extension services, technology and resilient seed
Agriculture, fisheries, forests and rural livelihoods
Primary mechanism: market power and value chain dependency
Crop-price volatility and dependence on traders or intermediaries
Agriculture, fisheries, forests and rural livelihoods
Primary mechanism: market power and value chain dependency
Land-poor and landless rural household exclusion
Agriculture, fisheries, forests and rural livelihoods
Primary mechanism: spatial segregation and displacement
Declining fisheries and livelihood insecurity around Tonlé Sap
Agriculture, fisheries, forests and rural livelihoods
Primary mechanism: market power and value chain dependency
Mekong dams and disruption of the natural flood pulse
Agriculture, fisheries, forests and rural livelihoods
Primary mechanism: land and resource control
Illegal or concentrated fishing access that disadvantages small fishers
Agriculture, fisheries, forests and rural livelihoods
Primary mechanism: market power and value chain dependency
Deforestation and loss of customary forest-based livelihoods
Agriculture, fisheries, forests and rural livelihoods
Primary mechanism: land and resource control
Pervasive informal employment
Labour markets, industrial development and migration
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Weak inspection and enforcement of labour standards
Labour markets, industrial development and migration
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Low wages and insecure employment in garment and footwear production
Labour markets, industrial development and migration
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Concentration of women in lower-paid, lower-mobility occupations
Labour markets, industrial development and migration
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Constraints on trade-union activity and collective bargaining
Labour markets, industrial development and migration
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Occupational-health and workplace-safety deficiencies
Labour markets, industrial development and migration
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Precarious construction and casual day labour
Labour markets, industrial development and migration
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Exclusion of domestic and care workers from equal labour protections
Labour markets, industrial development and migration
Primary mechanism: labor coercion and occupational closure
Recruitment fees, irregular migration and migrant-worker exploitation
Labour markets, industrial development and migration
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
Remittance dependence and inadequate reintegration of returning migrants
Labour markets, industrial development and migration
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
Household over-indebtedness
Household debt, finance and social protection
Primary mechanism: debt and collateral extraction
Land-title collateralization and debt-driven distress sales
Household debt, finance and social protection
Primary mechanism: debt and collateral extraction
Multiple borrowing and refinancing old loans with new debt
Household debt, finance and social protection
Primary mechanism: debt and collateral extraction
Information asymmetry between lenders and low-income borrowers
Household debt, finance and social protection
Primary mechanism: debt and collateral extraction
Aggressive or coercive debt-collection practices
Household debt, finance and social protection
Primary mechanism: debt and collateral extraction
Absence of accessible personal insolvency and debt-restructuring mechanisms
Household debt, finance and social protection
Primary mechanism: debt and collateral extraction
Social-insurance gaps for informal and self-employed workers
Household debt, finance and social protection
Primary mechanism: social protection and financial risk
Unequal access to unemployment, sickness and maternity protection
Household debt, finance and social protection
Primary mechanism: social protection and financial risk
Insufficient shock-responsive assistance after disasters or recessions
Household debt, finance and social protection
Primary mechanism: social protection and financial risk
Household reliance on debt to pay for health care, education and emergencies
Household debt, finance and social protection
Primary mechanism: debt and collateral extraction
Unequal access to affordable early-childhood development
Education, skills and the digital divide
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Weak foundational literacy and numeracy
Education, skills and the digital divide
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Rural–urban differences in school quality
Education, skills and the digital divide
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Unequal teacher deployment, preparation and retention
Education, skills and the digital divide
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Household education costs and dependence on private tutoring
Education, skills and the digital divide
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Lower-secondary and upper-secondary dropout
Education, skills and the digital divide
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Education loss caused by work, migration, caregiving or early marriage
Education, skills and the digital divide
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
Language barriers for Indigenous and minority-language children
Education, skills and the digital divide
Primary mechanism: childhood and life course vulnerability
Exclusion of children with disabilities from inclusive education
Education, skills and the digital divide
Primary mechanism: accessibility and accommodation
Unequal access to technical training, digital devices and connectivity
Education, skills and the digital divide
Primary mechanism: education and knowledge gatekeeping
Geographic inequality in access to health facilities
Health, nutrition, water and sanitation
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
High out-of-pocket medical expenditure and weak financial protection
Health, nutrition, water and sanitation
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Uneven quality of primary and referral care
Health, nutrition, water and sanitation
Primary mechanism: network closure and gatekeeping
Maternal, newborn and reproductive-health disparities
Health, nutrition, water and sanitation
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Child stunting, wasting and micronutrient deficiencies
Health, nutrition, water and sanitation
Primary mechanism: childhood and life course vulnerability
Adolescent sexual and reproductive-health barriers
Health, nutrition, water and sanitation
Primary mechanism: childhood and life course vulnerability
Limited mental-health and trauma-informed services
Health, nutrition, water and sanitation
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Unequal prevention and treatment of noncommunicable diseases
Health, nutrition, water and sanitation
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Rural and low-income disparities in safe water and sanitation
Health, nutrition, water and sanitation
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Unequal distribution and retention of trained health personnel
Health, nutrition, water and sanitation
Primary mechanism: health and service access inequality
Gender wage inequality
Gender, family power and bodily autonomy
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Women’s disproportionate unpaid domestic and caregiving work
Gender, family power and bodily autonomy
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Women’s underrepresentation in political and administrative leadership
Gender, family power and bodily autonomy
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Intimate-partner and domestic violence
Gender, family power and bodily autonomy
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Sexual harassment in workplaces, schools and public spaces
Gender, family power and bodily autonomy
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Child, early and forced marriage
Gender, family power and bodily autonomy
Primary mechanism: childhood and life course vulnerability
Barriers to reproductive autonomy and modern contraception
Gender, family power and bodily autonomy
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Women’s unequal access to property, capital and productive assets
Gender, family power and bodily autonomy
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Male-dominated household and community decision-making
Gender, family power and bodily autonomy
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Disproportionate climate and disaster burdens placed on women
Gender, family power and bodily autonomy
Primary mechanism: gendered power and unpaid care
Indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination and meaningful consultation
Ethnicity, language, citizenship, disability and social identity
Primary mechanism: political exclusion and capture
Loss of Indigenous languages, cultural institutions and customary practices
Ethnicity, language, citizenship, disability and social identity
Primary mechanism: cultural legitimation and stigma
Religious-minority inclusion, including Cham Muslim communities
Ethnicity, language, citizenship, disability and social identity
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
Citizenship and documentation insecurity affecting ethnic Vietnamese residents
Ethnicity, language, citizenship, disability and social identity
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
Unequal birth registration and access to civil-identification documents
Ethnicity, language, citizenship, disability and social identity
Primary mechanism: migration citizenship and documentation
Physical, communication and institutional barriers facing people with disabilities
Ethnicity, language, citizenship, disability and social identity
Primary mechanism: accessibility and accommodation
LGBTQ discrimination and absence of comprehensive legal protection
Ethnicity, language, citizenship, disability and social identity
Primary mechanism: legal exclusion and rights restriction
Exclusion and exploitation of street-connected and unaccompanied children
Ethnicity, language, citizenship, disability and social identity
Primary mechanism: childhood and life course vulnerability
Income security, health care and long-term-care gaps for older people
Ethnicity, language, citizenship, disability and social identity
Primary mechanism: childhood and life course vulnerability
Administrative invisibility of migrants, mobile populations and urban poor communities
Ethnicity, language, citizenship, disability and social identity
Primary mechanism: measurement invisibility and data gap
Unequal exposure to floods, droughts, heat and extreme weather
Climate, infrastructure, illicit economies and evidence governance
Primary mechanism: environmental and climate exposure
Insufficient disaster preparedness, insurance and recovery financing
Climate, infrastructure, illicit economies and evidence governance
Primary mechanism: social protection and financial risk
Urban flooding, weak drainage and unequal municipal infrastructure
Climate, infrastructure, illicit economies and evidence governance
Primary mechanism: infrastructure and service delivery
Water pollution, waste disposal and industrial environmental hazards
Climate, infrastructure, illicit economies and evidence governance
Primary mechanism: environmental and climate exposure
Deforestation, biodiversity loss and ecosystem-service inequality
Climate, infrastructure, illicit economies and evidence governance
Primary mechanism: environmental and climate exposure
Unequal access to reliable, affordable and clean household energy
Climate, infrastructure, illicit economies and evidence governance
Primary mechanism: environmental and climate exposure
Transport isolation, road-safety risks and unequal regional connectivity
Climate, infrastructure, illicit economies and evidence governance
Primary mechanism: infrastructure and service delivery
Trafficking, scam compounds, forced criminality and weak special-zone oversight
Climate, infrastructure, illicit economies and evidence governance
Primary mechanism: violence coercion and repression
Missing or inadequate data disaggregated by sex, disability, ethnicity and geography
Climate, infrastructure, illicit economies and evidence governance
Primary mechanism: measurement invisibility and data gap
Persistent gaps between laws, announced policies, budgets, implementation and remedy
Climate, infrastructure, illicit economies and evidence governance
Primary mechanism: state capacity and implementation gap