U.S. bi-national and heritage community · eligible high reliability

U.S.–Mexico community

A country-specific aggregate research profile. It does not identify dual citizens and should not be treated as a description of every person.

What this record observesForeign birth: true · reported ancestry: false · citizenship status available: true · confirmed dual citizenship: false.

Community at a glance

Observed country-of-birth population11,293,625Margin of error ± 55,854

Foreign-born estimate10,879,003Margin of error ± 56,476

Unweighted sample429,606Reliability: high

Citizenship compositionNot Us Citizen 63.0% · Naturalized Us Citizen 33.4%Status in the aggregate cohort, not loyalty or civic commitment

Ancestry-linked estimateNot availableCrosswalk remains under governance review

Leading statesCalifornia, Texas, IllinoisPresence, not demographic resemblance

Leading metrosNot availableNo research PUMA-to-metro allocation

Source period2020–2024ACS 5-year PUMS

Where this community lives

State count and share view. Location quotient and state-relative fields are available in the underlying state-profile asset.

California/CA

4,011,203 · 35.5%

Texas/TX

2,512,434 · 22.2%

Illinois/IL

661,559 · 5.9%

Arizona/AZ

515,182 · 4.6%

Florida/FL

277,564 · 2.5%

Washington/WA

256,488 · 2.3%

Georgia/GA

238,102 · 2.1%

North Carolina/NC

235,278 · 2.1%

Nevada/NV

223,637 · 2.0%

New York/NY

217,316 · 1.9%

Accessible state presence table
State	Estimate	Share of community	Location quotient	Reliability
California/CA	4,011,203	35.5%	3.027838	high
Texas/TX	2,512,434	22.2%	2.468114	high
Illinois/IL	661,559	5.9%	1.545446	high
Arizona/AZ	515,182	4.6%	2.07054	high
Florida/FL	277,564	2.5%	0.36721	high
Washington/WA	256,488	2.3%	0.973166	high
Georgia/GA	238,102	2.1%	0.645417	high
North Carolina/NC	235,278	2.1%	0.650244	high
Nevada/NV	223,637	2.0%	2.082563	high
New York/NY	217,316	1.9%	0.324631	high

Metropolitan profiles are withheld in this run because PUMS does not identify metropolitan areas and no research PUMA-to-metro allocation was authorized.

Race, ethnicity, and ancestry

Race, Hispanic or Latino origin, ancestry, country of birth, citizenship, and language remain separate concepts. These are aggregate estimates.

Race distribution

Aian Alone2.9%

Estimate 331,598 ± 7,877; unweighted sample 15883.

Asian Alone0.1%

Estimate 12,581 ± 1,203; unweighted sample 597.

Black Alone0.2%

Estimate 20,589 ± 2,319; unweighted sample 730.

Nhpi Alone0.0%

Estimate 4,565 ± 921; unweighted sample 190.

Some Other Race Alone44.2%

Estimate 4,992,571 ± 35,657; unweighted sample 195686.

Two Or More Races41.3%

Estimate 4,664,905 ± 41,311; unweighted sample 168095.

White Alone11.2%

Estimate 1,266,816 ± 16,677; unweighted sample 48425.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Hispanic or Latino origin

Hispanic Or Latino99.4%

Estimate 11,225,164 ± 55,302; unweighted sample 426541.

Not Hispanic Or Latino0.6%

Estimate 68,461 ± 4,194; unweighted sample 3065.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Ancestry composition is not published because the available country crosswalk is pending research deterministic validation. Hispanic or Latino origin is not treated as race.

Age, households, and economic structure

Age

18 To 3419.9%

Estimate 2,241,882 ± 20,122; unweighted sample 80165.

35 To 4935.3%

Estimate 3,989,884 ± 24,100; unweighted sample 140119.

50 To 6427.6%

Estimate 3,112,533 ± 19,193; unweighted sample 124704.

65 And Over12.4%

Estimate 1,401,814 ± 12,453; unweighted sample 65675.

Under 184.8%

Estimate 547,512 ± 10,569; unweighted sample 18943.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Sex as reported by the source

Female47.7%

Estimate 5,382,074 ± 27,041; unweighted sample 211137.

Male52.3%

Estimate 5,911,551 ± 34,789; unweighted sample 218469.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Nativity and citizenship

Born Abroad Of Us Parent3.7%

Estimate 414,622 ± 9,095; unweighted sample 17050.

Naturalized Us Citizen33.4%

Estimate 3,767,975 ± 20,144; unweighted sample 158287.

Not Us Citizen63.0%

Estimate 7,111,028 ± 53,018; unweighted sample 254269.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Period of entry

2010 To 201914.2%

Estimate 1,602,728 ± 18,482; unweighted sample 56803.

2020 Or Later5.3%

Estimate 602,199 ± 13,147; unweighted sample 22726.

Before 201080.5%

Estimate 9,088,698 ± 40,675; unweighted sample 350077.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Age at migration

18 To 3440.0%

Estimate 4,521,531 ± 27,718; unweighted sample 172973.

35 To 497.3%

Estimate 827,155 ± 11,213; unweighted sample 32823.

50 And Over2.0%

Estimate 226,194 ± 5,310; unweighted sample 9858.

Under 1850.6%

Estimate 5,718,745 ± 30,281; unweighted sample 213952.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Language and English proficiency

English Only6.8%

Estimate 756,118 ± 9,499; unweighted sample 31645.

Not At All14.8%

Estimate 1,655,761 ± 22,565; unweighted sample 60666.

Not Well25.4%

Estimate 2,843,437 ± 26,075; unweighted sample 104823.

Very Well30.1%

Estimate 3,367,383 ± 20,233; unweighted sample 129008.

Well23.0%

Estimate 2,578,586 ± 19,526; unweighted sample 100357.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household size

Five Or More People30.7%

Estimate 1,917,034 ± 12,672; unweighted sample 70490.

One Person9.3%

Estimate 583,742 ± 8,782; unweighted sample 20303.

Three Or Four People40.0%

Estimate 2,497,663 ± 15,046; unweighted sample 95104.

Two People20.0%

Estimate 1,252,515 ± 11,154; unweighted sample 50348.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Household type

Family Household85.6%

Estimate 5,352,527 ± 17,458; unweighted sample 204823.

Nonfamily Household14.4%

Estimate 898,427 ± 11,563; unweighted sample 31422.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Multigenerational household

Multigenerational10.9%

Estimate 682,863 ± 9,174; unweighted sample 27162.

Not Multigenerational89.1%

Estimate 5,568,091 ± 20,532; unweighted sample 209083.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Households with children

Children Present44.3%

Estimate 2,771,024 ± 14,798; unweighted sample 97831.

No Children Present55.7%

Estimate 3,479,930 ± 16,188; unweighted sample 138414.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Education

Bachelors6.7%

Estimate 676,663 ± 8,490; unweighted sample 27638.

Graduate Or Professional2.8%

Estimate 283,186 ± 5,418; unweighted sample 12389.

High School Or Equivalent26.8%

Estimate 2,722,945 ± 21,173; unweighted sample 100081.

Less Than High School49.7%

Estimate 5,046,423 ± 35,697; unweighted sample 192563.

Some College Or Associate14.0%

Estimate 1,419,059 ± 13,267; unweighted sample 56356.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Employment

Armed Forces0.1%

Estimate 10,750 ± 1,226; unweighted sample 432.

Employed64.8%

Estimate 7,025,006 ± 40,766; unweighted sample 254657.

Not In Labor Force31.9%

Estimate 3,462,833 ± 20,605; unweighted sample 146562.

Unemployed3.2%

Estimate 345,618 ± 6,906; unweighted sample 12516.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Occupation

Management Business Science Arts15.5%

Estimate 1,271,027 ± 11,950; unweighted sample 52005.

Military Specific0.1%

Estimate 6,838 ± 983; unweighted sample 262.

Natural Resources Construction Maintenance24.6%

Estimate 2,022,095 ± 19,535; unweighted sample 70076.

Production Transportation Material Moving20.7%

Estimate 1,701,994 ± 17,496; unweighted sample 63014.

Sales And Office12.2%

Estimate 1,004,559 ± 9,320; unweighted sample 39580.

Service26.8%

Estimate 2,200,502 ± 20,350; unweighted sample 79339.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Industry

Agriculture Forestry Fishing Mining6.0%

Estimate 485,601 ± 7,802; unweighted sample 19682.

Arts Entertainment Hospitality12.3%

Estimate 999,383 ± 13,586; unweighted sample 34595.

Construction18.2%

Estimate 1,478,294 ± 16,321; unweighted sample 48393.

Education Health Social Services11.9%

Estimate 963,168 ± 10,956; unweighted sample 40608.

Finance Insurance Real Estate2.9%

Estimate 235,971 ± 4,846; unweighted sample 9068.

Information0.6%

Estimate 52,421 ± 2,822; unweighted sample 2143.

Manufacturing12.6%

Estimate 1,022,399 ± 12,841; unweighted sample 38177.

Military0.1%

Estimate 12,007 ± 1,323; unweighted sample 482.

Other Services5.9%

Estimate 481,170 ± 7,849; unweighted sample 17748.

Professional Administrative12.2%

Estimate 988,226 ± 12,274; unweighted sample 35939.

Public Administration1.8%

Estimate 147,611 ± 3,671; unweighted sample 6435.

Retail Trade7.7%

Estimate 621,218 ± 7,421; unweighted sample 23933.

Transportation Utilities5.1%

Estimate 411,108 ± 7,772; unweighted sample 15391.

Wholesale Trade2.6%

Estimate 211,854 ± 5,493; unweighted sample 8152.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Personal income

100000 Or More4.9%

Estimate 537,062 ± 7,150; unweighted sample 21033.

1 To 2499929.5%

Estimate 3,205,927 ± 22,320; unweighted sample 128638.

25000 To 4999929.2%

Estimate 3,175,880 ± 26,015; unweighted sample 114648.

50000 To 9999917.9%

Estimate 1,951,526 ± 14,312; unweighted sample 71997.

Zero Or Negative18.5%

Estimate 2,015,166 ± 16,819; unweighted sample 79359.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Poverty

100 To 199 Percent25.9%

Estimate 2,894,446 ± 27,654; unweighted sample 104546.

200 To 399 Percent36.9%

Estimate 4,129,125 ± 32,426; unweighted sample 153746.

400 Percent Or More21.1%

Estimate 2,358,425 ± 21,100; unweighted sample 94835.

Below 100 Percent16.2%

Estimate 1,809,451 ± 18,069; unweighted sample 65920.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Health insurance

Covered65.5%

Estimate 7,396,202 ± 33,132; unweighted sample 298558.

Not Covered34.5%

Estimate 3,897,423 ± 41,492; unweighted sample 131048.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Disability

With Disability11.1%

Estimate 1,249,496 ± 12,772; unweighted sample 55051.

Without Disability88.9%

Estimate 10,044,129 ± 51,272; unweighted sample 374555.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing tenure

Occupied Without Cash Rent1.6%

Estimate 102,141 ± 2,899; unweighted sample 4210.

Owned Free And Clear24.1%

Estimate 1,503,488 ± 12,491; unweighted sample 64403.

Owned With Mortgage31.6%

Estimate 1,976,786 ± 11,916; unweighted sample 78223.

Rented42.7%

Estimate 2,668,539 ± 21,032; unweighted sample 89409.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Housing-cost burden

30 To 49 Percent27.0%

Estimate 710,096 ± 10,716; unweighted sample 23567.

50 Percent Or More25.1%

Estimate 660,335 ± 8,044; unweighted sample 21972.

Under 30 Percent48.0%

Estimate 1,262,936 ± 13,540; unweighted sample 42747.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential tenure length

Established Residence40.7%

Estimate 2,542,519 ± 13,584; unweighted sample 105707.

Mid Term Residence42.1%

Estimate 2,629,565 ± 15,596; unweighted sample 93870.

Recent Move17.3%

Estimate 1,078,870 ± 12,592; unweighted sample 36668.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

Residential mobility

Arrived From Outside Us1.4%

Estimate 159,876 ± 6,844; unweighted sample 6507.

Different House In Us7.9%

Estimate 895,147 ± 13,802; unweighted sample 33518.

Same House90.6%

Estimate 10,223,842 ± 49,640; unweighted sample 389029.

Aggregate estimates; reliability: high.

How this community differs across states

Highest community presence

California/CA — 4,011,203
Texas/TX — 2,512,434
Illinois/IL — 661,559
Arizona/AZ — 515,182
Florida/FL — 277,564
Washington/WA — 256,488
Georgia/GA — 238,102
North Carolina/NC — 235,278
Nevada/NV — 223,637
New York/NY — 217,316

Highest location quotient

California/CA — 3.03
Texas/TX — 2.47
Nevada/NV — 2.08
Arizona/AZ — 2.07
New Mexico/NM — 1.84
Illinois/IL — 1.55
Colorado/CO — 1.09
Oregon/OR — 1.04
Washington/WA — 0.97
Utah/UT — 0.94

Closest surrounding demographic contexts

Texas/TX — 76.8%
New Mexico/NM — 76.7%
Vermont/VT — 76.3%
California/CA — 76.1%
Nevada/NV — 75.1%
Arizona/AZ — 74.2%
Florida/FL — 74.2%
Rhode Island/RI — 74.2%
Montana/MT — 73.4%
North Dakota/ND — 72.4%

Highest presence and closest surrounding context answer different questions and are never substituted for one another.

How this community compares with the United States

State-context comparisons use the same source period and composition schema. National community averages should not be treated as characteristics of any person.

The U.S.–Mexico community contains materially different racial, ethnic, generational, linguistic, geographic, household, and socioeconomic profiles. National averages should not be treated as characteristics of every person.

Closest demographic peers

Peer rankings use population and settlement, migration, race and ethnicity, age and household, education and economic structure, language, and housing as separately disclosed dimensions.

Closest demographic peer 1

U.S.–El Salvador community

91.2% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 91.2% · without: 90.2% · rank change: 0.

Strongest similarities: Age and household, Migration, nativity, and generation, Education, work, and income

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable), Housing and mobility

View dimension scores

Age and household: 98.3%
Education, work, and income: 96.6%
Housing and mobility: 96.0%
Language: 96.5%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 96.7%
Population and settlement: 75.7%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 95.2%
Population scale: 70.9%
Settlement concentration: 95.3%
State footprint: 61.0%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 2

U.S.–Guatemala community

87.7% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 87.7% · without: 86.2% · rank change: 0.

Strongest similarities: Age and household, Education, work, and income, Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable)

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Language, Housing and mobility

View dimension scores

Age and household: 95.2%
Education, work, and income: 93.9%
Housing and mobility: 91.5%
Language: 90.1%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 92.0%
Population and settlement: 71.8%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 93.7%
Population scale: 68.0%
Settlement concentration: 85.5%
State footprint: 61.8%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Closest demographic peer 3

U.S.–Nicaragua community

86.9% balanced demographic structural similarity · high reliability.

With race and ethnicity: 86.9% · without: 84.0% · rank change: 1.

Strongest similarities: Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable), Age and household, Education, work, and income

Largest differences: Population and settlement, Migration, nativity, and generation, Housing and mobility

View dimension scores

Age and household: 96.6%
Education, work, and income: 93.3%
Housing and mobility: 92.4%
Language: 92.9%
Migration, nativity, and generation: 88.5%
Population and settlement: 65.5%
Race and ethnicity (ancestry unavailable): 98.5%
Population scale: 48.6%
Settlement concentration: 98.3%
State footprint: 49.5%

Population scale, settlement concentration, and state footprint remain separately reported components.

Largest measured differences

The comparison asset reports the lowest demographic structural similarities without describing communities as enemies, opposites, incompatible groups, or unlikely allies.

U.S.–Iceland community — 48.9% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Montenegro community — 50.6% measured structural similarity
U.S.–Rwanda community — 52.0% measured structural similarity

Explore peers in Ally Finder

Data quality

Profile state: eligible_high_reliability
Reliable dimensions: 24
Observed basis: Country of birth in the 2020–2024 ACS 5-year PUMS

Suppressed cells remain labeled. Missing values and shared zeroes do not create similarity.

What should not be inferred

Aggregate demographic similarity does not establish agreement, alliance, representation, consent, endorsement, political behavior, nationality, dual citizenship, religion, caste, tribe, sect, or individual identity.

How the comparison was calculated

Dimension-specific categorical distributions use square-root Jensen–Shannon distance; ordered distributions use bounded Wasserstein distance; population totals use log-scaled distance; and state footprints use Jensen–Shannon distance. Available reliable dimensions are combined with versioned weights. KNN is a retrieval method, not a public claim about alliance.

Weights · Sources · Data quality